Venus’ Mirror: An Image of Baroque Art

The Baroque period was one of the most colorful periods in European history. It consisted of many changes in the continent such as the development of Martin Luther’s reformation, which was the birth of Protestantism. It was also a time when Feudalism was diminishing, leading the way to a government based on a single authority. In Spain, the best Baroque artist was Diego Velasquez.He was born in June 6, 1599 in Seville and died in August 6, 1660 because of fever. He was an apprentice of Francisco Pacheco, who was a famous disciple of Flemish and Italian realism which greatly influenced his works.In 1623, he went to Madrid, where he painted a portrait of King Philip IV. Afterwards, he was appointed as the official painter of the royal family for six years. Aside from religious paintings, he also painted works with mythological themes. Velasquez was a true baroque artist. This period of art was used by the Roman Catholic Church as a way to counteract the spreading Protestantism. In Velasquez’s works, he served that purpose with his ‘bodegones’ which focused on subjects that are found in everyday life and combined with religious scenes.He often used the people of Seville as models for his bodegones. The painting â€Å"Venus at her Mirror† is one of the most famous paintings done by Diego Velasquez. Although baroque style originated from the Roman Catholic Church, it also gained attention from the secular side of the society hence, the mythological theme. â€Å"Venus at her Mirror† portrays qualities that are found in baroque paintings depicting power, massiveness, and dramatic intensity. It is an image with high contrasts of light and dark colors.The painting shows Cupid without his bow and arrows and holds a mirror in front of Venus. What is interesting about this painting is that it does not clearly follow principles of optics as Venus’ reflection in the mirror seems blurring. This irregularity is one of the main ch aracteristics of baroque art, where the very word itself means â€Å"irregular†. It is the very same mirror which catches my attention because it does not reflect the exact details of Venus’ face. What the artist is expressing in this painting is that what is seen is not Venus’ face but her image.Its baroque influence tells us that Venus is the goddess of beauty, and the beauty is unsurpassable that Cupid himself surrendered to it, laying down his bow and arrows. It is an exaggeration of beauty portraying dramatic intensity. This painting shows the beautiful body of Venus. However, Velasquez painted it in such as way that the observer’s eyes are led towards the mirror and not on the body. Thus, the painting is a reflection of realism. What we see in the mirror is only an image of a beautiful woman, but not Venus herself.In the human context, we observe that what man sees first is the image of a person and not the person himself. This reminds me of the fir st day of school of every school year, where students start to introduce themselves to one another. As the days pass, students would group themselves according to their image, creating a status quo. This ‘labeling’ of people according to their general image prevents us from expressing our true selves and our values. Let us take note that in the painting, the mirror shows only an image of a beautiful woman.Will never know how beautiful Venus really was in the painting. The fact that her beauty is incomparable perhaps makes us look at it in another way. It may also be an indication that perhaps the real beauty is the one behind the image. References â€Å"Diego Velazquez Biography†, (n. d. ). Retrieved May 6, 2010 from http://www. spanish- fiestas. com/art/spanish-artists-velazquez. htm. Fitzpatrick, A. , (1978). The Baroque Period, Minnesota: Creative Education, p. 7-12. â€Å"Velazquez Venus at Her Mirror†, (2009). Retrieved May 6, 2010 from http://www. pa intingall. com/articles/velazquez-venus-a

Essay on Executive Summary - 985 Words

Running head: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary Hilda C Benitez Grand Canyon University NRS-451: Nursing Leadership and Management August 12, 2012 Executive Summary It is a well-known fact that obesity continues to burden the healthcare industry. According to the reports made by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2012), medical costs associated with obesity were estimated at $147 billion in 2008. Presently in the United States, two-thirds of adult population and approximately one in three children are fighting issue of being overweight or obese (Troy, Capretta, O’Grady, 2012). Obesity leads to chronic health diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and other heart problems such as breast and colon cancer†¦show more content†¦According to Cohen, R. (2011), low-income families have higher incidence of being overweight or obese because they have limited access to healthy foods. There is an increase in population of obese children today, which may result to adults with health disparities in the future (Cohen, 2011). The project will focus on African-Americans and Hispanics families because they have a h igher risk of diseases tied with poor eating habits (as cited in Cohen, 2011). Benefits of the Project The M.A.D.! Campaign is a project aimed to reduce number of childhood obesity in Southern California. If these children are molded into adapting a healthier lifestyle by eating right and being active, the prevalence of them becoming obese adults will be lower. The campaign will work to change the environment of identified low-income communities where neighborhood markets offer affordable fruits and vegetables, play area that are safe for children to actively participate in such as basketball court or playground, and healthier choices in school and workplace cafeterias. Cost Justification Prevention has been proven to be more cost-effective in the long run than treating health disparities or chronic diseases. Investing approximately $5.5 million for a five-year, community-based initiative to transform low-income communities, particularly in schools and workplaces in Southern California, will allow campaign to operate to its full capacity.Show MoreRelatedCja 394 Court Managment Executive Summary Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesCourt Management Executive Summary Learning Team HERE Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice/CJA 394 May 28, 2013 Amanda Behl Overview The American court system is quite daunting and complicated. Consequently, the assistance previous available is no longer accessible resulting from budgetary issues. Therefore, strategic planning goals and management skills are essential to providing an efficient and smooth operating judicial system. 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The manufactures 100% Cotton Ring Span Yarn or Hosiery , 100% Cotton OE Rotor For Hosiery and Knit Fabrics for 100% export oriented readymade Garments Industry. The strategic Goals and Objectives of the Company are to striveRead MoreExecutive Summary1598 Words   |  7 PagesMacy’s: Executive Summary Macy’s, Inc. Macy’s, Inc. is known as the one of the leading retail corporations worldwide. It offers its customers a wide range of products including clothing, footwear, jewelry, beauty products, and even home dà ©cor. Macy’s has opened more than 800 stores across the U.S. and reported fiscal year (FY) 2009 sales of $23.5 billion. Although Macy’s is a prominent retailer today, their success had to start somewhere. 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Consecuencias de mentir para visa o a Inmigracin

Si mientes o cometes fraude para obtener una visa u otro beneficio migratorio y te agarran las consecuencias son muy graves.  ¿Quà © puede pasar? ¿Es posible salir del problemà ³n? Pero,  ¿quà © es mentir para las autoridades de inmigracià ³n? En el contexto de Inmigracià ³n, mentir es decir—en forma hablada o por escrito—algo que no se corresponde con la verdad con el fin de conseguir un beneficio de Inmigracià ³n cuando tal beneficio no serà ­a concedido de haberse conocido la verdad. Esa mentira es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como material misrepresentation. Por otro lado, el fraude de migratorio, conocido en inglà ©s como visa fraud es muy similar a la mentira de la que estamos hablando. Y las consecuencias son iguales. Ademà ¡s, una mentira puede ser considerada como prueba de tener un mal carà ¡cter moral, lo cual es importante porque para algunos beneficios es un requisito ser considerado una persona con buena moral.  ¿Para quà © se miente o se comete fraude migratorio? Para conseguir un beneficio migratorio, que puede ser de muy diversos tipos, por ejemplo: Visas tipo turista, de trabajo temporal o de estudianteSacar la ciudadanà ­a mediante la naturalizacià ³nTarjeta de residencia (tambià ©n conocida como visa de inmigrante o greencard)Ingresar a Estados UnidosAsilo, accià ³n diferida, etc.  ¿Cuà ¡les son ejemplos de mentiras o de acciones que constituyen fraude migratorio? Entre otras, cualquiera de las siguientes acciones: Mentiras relacionadas con el estado civil (soltero, casado, divorciado, etc)Utilizar un nombre falso o que corresponde a otra persona.No declarar el nà ºmero exacto de hijos.Negar tener familiares en EEUU o que son ciudadanos americanos.Presentar documentos falsos sobre cuentas bancarias, propiedades, etc.Mentir sobre trabajo, estudios, etc.Mentir sobre el tiempo de estancia fuera de los Estados UnidosMentir sobre pago de impuestosMentir sobre pago de pensià ³n de manutencià ³n (child support)Presentar tà ­tulos acadà ©micos que no son falsos.Cartas falsas sobre experiencia laboral.Contar a un oficial de Inmigracià ³n en una frontera o aeropuerto que la intencià ³n es visitar temporalmente Estados Unidos como turista cuando el objetivo verdadero es casarse con un ciudadano y quedarse o simplemente entrar a vivir con el cà ³nyuge ciudadano y pedir un ajuste de estatus sin esperar fuera del paà ­s por la residencia permanente.Sobornar -incluso en grado de tentativa- a un ofici al consular para obtener la aprobacià ³n del visado.Alterar una visa autà ©ntica o falsificarla.Comprar, vender, transferir o procurar a otra persona una visa u otro documento legà ­timo, como por ejemplo, un pasaporte.Entrar a EEUU con una visa de turista o sin visado (paà ­ses en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas) con la intencià ³n de trabajar para una empresa americana.Ingresar a Estados Unidos como turista con la intencià ³n de estudiar a tiempo completo - mà ¡s de 19 horas a la semana) en una universidad o academia. (Este es un problema con los espaà ±oles y posiblemente lo vaya a ser con los chilenos que por tener mala informacià ³n vienen a estudiar inglà ©s en EEUU a tiempo completo en verano creyendo que no necesitan visa de estudiante por tener la ESTA. Pero esa es una autorizacià ³n electrà ³nica para turistas y poco mà ¡s. No para estudiar).  ¿Cuà ¡les son las consecuencias de mentir en asuntos de Inmigracià ³n o para sacar una visa? Los efectos de la mentira o del fraude migratorio -inadmisibilidad conocida oficialmente como INA seccià ³n 212 (a)(6)(C)(i)- son los siguientes: El problema original por el que mentiste sigue ahà ­. No ha desaparecido.Te has convertido en inadmisible por razà ³n de haber cometido un fraude migratorio (visa fraud). Esto quiere decir que no vas a poder conseguir visas no inmigrante ni tampoco una de inmigrante. Tampoco vas a poder ajustar tu estatus ni obtener cambios de visa. Tampoco se podrà ¡ obtener beneficios migratorios como la accià ³n diferida, si eres un Dreamers, o incluso asilo.Ademà ¡s, si està ¡s en Estados Unidos una vez que el gobierno se entera de que hay un problema de fraude inmigratorio iniciarà ¡ un procedimiento para deportarte. Incluso en ocasiones graves puede iniciar un proceso penal, enviarte a la cà ¡rcel y al salir, deportarte.Asimismo, tendrà ¡s ya siempre un problema de falta de credibilidad con todas las personas del gobierno americano que tratan temas migratorios (oficiales consulares, oficiales de aduanas, USCIS, CBP, jueces de cortes migratorias, etc.)En algunos casos, mentir o utilizar documentacià ³n fraudulenta equivale a ingreso ilegal a EE.UU.Finalmente, si se ha obtenido un beneficio migratorio durante una tramitacià ³n en la que se ha mentido, es posible revocarlo. Y esto afecta a situaciones tan diversas como una visa de turista e incluso la green card o la ciudadanà ­a. En muchos de estos casos hay que destacar que el hecho sobre el que se miente no es razà ³n suficiente para denegar un beneficio migratorio o una visa. Es la mentira en sà ­ la que causa todos los problemas.    ¿Cà ³mo se enteran de que has mentido? Por diversos cauces. Por ejemplo (hay muchos mà ¡s): En algunos paà ­ses con un alto nà ºmero de mentiras detectadas los consulados investigan si los documentos que se presentan son verdaderos, si los reportes bancarios son fabricados por un abogado corrupto.En el curso de una entrevista pueden darse cuenta de que hay inconsistencias notorias y hacen una comprobacià ³n de los hechos.Puede que todo se descubra mà ¡s tarde cuando en el curso de la peticià ³n de otro beneficio migratorio se destapa la mentira original. Por ejemplo, si se le miente al oficial del aeropuerto presentà ¡ndose con una visa de turista cuando la intencià ³n es quedarse a vivir con el cà ³nyuge americano en Estados Unidos puede ocurrir que cuando a continuacià ³n se pide el ajuste de estatus à ©ste se niegue por fraude migratorio (visa fraud).Por una denuncia anà ³nima. Por ejemplo, no tienes a mano el certificado de divorcio y dices en una planilla de inmigracià ³n que nunca has estado casado. Y resulta que tu ex se entera y asà ­ lo hace saber a la autoridad que corresponda. Etc.  ¿Quà © hacer? Lo mà ¡s importante es pararse antes de contar la mentira. Y valorar muy bien las posibles consecuencias. Incluso consultar con un abogado especialista. Siempre es mejor no obtener momentà ¡neamente un beneficio migratorio (como por ejemplo una visa), que obtenerlo a travà ©s de una mentira y que mà ¡s tarde te lo quiten y que no te lo vuelvan a dar, posiblemente por el resto de tu vida. (Estas son tarifas promedio de lo que cobran los abogados de inmigracià ³n, incluido costo de consulta). Ten mucho cuidado con toda esa gente que se llama consultores y ofrecen documentos falsos o llenan tus planillas con informacià ³n no verdadera. Ya que si se descubre quien se queda con el problema eres tà º. No ellos. Y no vale de nada decir que te aconsejaron, que no entiendes bien inglà ©s, que te dijo tu familia, etc. Tà º eres el à ºnico responsable de lo que presentas y de lo que firmas.  ¿Es posible pedir un perdà ³n en los casos de inadmisibilidad por fraude inmigratorio o de visa? En casos muy especà ­ficos sà ­ es posible, hay una tramitacià ³n distinta para visas de inmigrante y para las de no inmigrante. Pero, honestamente, son pocos los que se conceden. Si tienes un problema de inadmisibilidad por INA 212(a)(6)(C)(i) y quieres plantearte solicitar un perdà ³n, habla con un abogado de inmigracià ³n especialista en este tema en concreto. Para valorar si tienes una chance antes de gastar mucho tiempo y dinero. Pero primero asegà ºrate que tu inadmisibilidad es realmente esa. Si tienes papeles del consulado, USCIS, la CBP, etc, mira siempre quà © ponen y en algà ºn lado ha de poner la causa del problema. Pero si no sabes exactamente cuà ¡l es tu causa de inadmisibilidad, es decir, la razà ³n por la que te niegan una visa o cualquier otro beneficio migratorio, siempre puedes solicitar tu historial.

Psychology, Nature Vs. Nurture - 971 Words

Nightly on the news, you see stories about multiple instances of violence: killings, shootings, murders and such. In the school settings, kids get bullied on the playground or even in the classroom. All of these are forms of aggression, but does anyone stop and think why we are that way? The answer is found in the classic debate in Psychology, Nature vs. Nurture. Aggression is caused by learned behavior, not through genetics. There are two sides of this debate, Nature and Nurture. Nature refers to something that you’re born with and are not able to change. People that follow this are called Nativists. They believe that the traits that you have are passed down through genetics. Nurture means that your personality traits are based on your environment. For example, the conditions under which you were raised. Another factor can be your interactions with people and experiences that happened in childhood. The people that support this idea are called Empiricists (Butler). I side with the Empiricists, that you are able to become a certain way because of your environment. The idea of aggression within Nature vs. Nurture was first tested in an experiment, The Bobo Doll Experiment. There have been multiple studies that test the concept of Nature vs. Nurture. In the Bobo Doll Experiment done in 1961 by Albert Bandura, he wanted to study if aggression is able to be acquired through observation. After the study, he found out that his hypothesis was right, that aggression can be learnedShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Nature Vs Nurture869 Words   |  4 Pages Let’s Talk About Psychology For many years, psychologists have been interested in studying human behavior and how our brains function. Psychological research has been mainly geared towards discovering parts of the brain, and the environment that influences our behavior as individuals. In other words, research aims to provide reasons why people behave the way they do, and what makes individuals different from each other. Much to the joy of experts in the field, major strides have been made in notRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Psychology And Biology1449 Words   |  6 Pages Nature vs. Nurture is one of the most prevalent theories in psychology and biology; scientists previously believed that personality traits were derived from either genetics or environmental elements, but more recently have concluded that both factors play a role in the expression of genes. However, the influences of genetics and environmental factors on sexual orientation is still a controversial topic which is currently being discussed in bo th psychological and biological debates. While many researchersRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : A Debate Within Psychology1344 Words   |  6 Pages1 Kaeezs Mark Lee F. Tonda PSY 100 Nature Vs. Nurture There s a debate within psychology about whether certain aspects of behavior are genetic or learned characteristics. Certain physical characteristics are genetic, like color of eyes, hair type, and skin color. Other things like driving, talking, or tying your shoes are learned. People wonder if personality and mental abilities are genetic or learned. There are good arguments for both the nurture, and nature side of these three issues: intelligenceRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture And How Studying Psychology Can Improve Critical Thinking818 Words   |  4 Pagesmission of history. The study of psychologies past endeavors to help future generations of psychology-minded individuals how the past discoveries that were implemented, and altered within the field. As with any history, knowing the successes, and possible mistakes in the within the field development can only assist future experiences. In examining the history of the psychology, upcoming psychology students are able to talk over the age-old debate of nature versus nurture. The beliefs of Darwinism stillRead MorePsychology And Science Of A Heterosexual And Homosexual Man Through The Course Of Nature Vs. Nurture1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand science background comparing the neurological anatomy and science of a heterosexual and homosexual man through the studies; Simon LeVay, Roselli, Hamers, Sanders, Hansen. The perception of whether homosexuality conforms to the course of nature vs. nurture can influence the amount of scrutiny judged upon affected individuals. So, the purpose of this extended essay is to answer the research question of to what extent is there a biological basis with neurological structurally, genetically, hormonallyRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture1052 Words   |  5 PagesNature vs. Nurture M. B. Liberty University Psychology 101 Nature vs. Nurture There has been extensive debate between scholars in the field of psychology surrounding the Nature vs. Nurture issue. Both nature and nurture determine who we are and neither is solely independent of the other. â€Å"As the area of a rectangle is determined by its length and its width, so do biology and experience together create us.†(Myers, 2008, p. 8) Carl Gustav Jung, and leading thinker and creator of analyticalRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1194 Words   |  5 PagesNatsuaki, M. N., . . . Leve, L. D. (2014). Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behavior problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1543-1552. This source goes against the belief that nature and nurture even paly that much of a significant role in the way children grow up to portray themselves. Elam and Shaw say that it’s all about personal choices. They feel that through their recent discoveries that thisRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 PagesOne of these oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experienceRead MoreRetrospective Analysis of Personality1043 Words   |  5 PagesRetrospective Analysis of Persona lity Intro to Psychology August 31, 2014 I found doing this paper quite exciting to a certain point, until I really took a moment to glance back into my life and see the changes that have taken place. Through the years I have wondered what made me change my personality towards the way I look at things but now I see why. I drastically made those changes due to the different people and environments I have been. My personality started out as helping anyone I couldRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: a Biblical Perspective1531 Words   |  7 PagesRUNNING TITLE: Nature vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective Ouida Lynne Heath Psychology 101, Module 5 Professor Roberts December 17, 2009 Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective The Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists have

Minoan and Mycenean Cultures Free Essays

In comparing the cultures of the Minoans and the Myceneans, it is best to identify first where they live. The Minoans are inhabitants of the islands off the Aegean Sea such as Crete and Santorini. Perhaps the greatest treasure they have ever made was the palace of Knossos which they covered with frescoes which are wet but surprisingly detailed. We will write a custom essay sample on Minoan and Mycenean Cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now The frescoes depict the way of life of the Minoans which was mainly dependent and influenced by the sea. The paintings consists mainly of sea creatures such as dolphins, sea birds, fishermen with sizeable catches and women wearing beautiful dresses and pearl necklaces which were probably harvested from the sea. The Myceneans on the other hand lived Tiryns, a mountain-guarded city. They prefer war to arts since they are a nation of warriors. They built high hallways to defend their city from possible attacks of other people. Their way of life is shown in the different drawings, embroideries and decorations on vases, gold cups, daggers and other weapons. The Myceneans were a powerful people who liked to fight but traded with other people for materials that are not indigenous to their locality. They traded with the Egyptians for gold and like the latter; they created death masks of their dead rulers. The Minoans and the Myceneans, while differing in a lot of aspects, were alike in the sense that their cities are heavily defended. One is surrounded by the seas while the other by mountains. This fondness for fortifications must have been brought about by experiences and incidents of attacks coming from barbarians and pirates who might want to take the treasures and gold of these people. Both cultures, too, have high regard for their kings and rulers. How to cite Minoan and Mycenean Cultures, Papers

Color Contradiction Meets Culture Clash free essay sample

In the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man written by James Joyce, Joyce uses contrasting colors to teach the reader of both the political and religious battles of that time period which form Stephen’s struggles. Joyce influences Stephen by using the colors red and green as representatives of England and Ireland. Joyce is able to teach Stephen of such things by camouflaging the lessons in Stephen’s life. The first juxtaposition of green and red was when Stephen was thinking to himself â€Å"O, the wild rose blossoms on the little green place.†(3) The significant of this thought was the rose blossoms represented England and â€Å"the green place† was Ireland. Joyce also describes England as a â€Å"wild rose† because compared to Ireland’s religious views England had a very modern and considerably sinful lifestyle. The purpose of putting a â€Å"wild rose† in traditional Ireland is because the time period was a civil war of opinions based off of political and religious views. We will write a custom essay sample on Color Contradiction Meets Culture Clash or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This situation was caused after Parnell Ireland’s political leader had an affair with his wife forcing the religious Ireland to disown him while the political England views were still very accepting of him. The concept of the riddle as a whole was England is beginning to join with Ireland, and more specifically they are beginning to combine similar views. The next comparison of colors was the scene on the playground where the students are split up into the red and green teams. The idea that was being portrayed was of a war. Making it possible for both Stephen and the reader to visualize the fighting of both sides. Also Joyce explains that Stephen is only pretending to play giving the idea that he is a neutral being and won’t actually fight for one side. The neutral representation of Stephen is portrayed in such away to show how he has yet developed an opinion on the situation, giving the reader an undeveloped opinion as well. Dante his aunt then is used to show her strong political views. The author had mentioned before that she had two make up pallets one red and one green, both labeled after political figures, except in this instance her views have changed. â€Å"Dante had ripped the green velvet back off the brush that was for Parnell one day with her scissors and had told him that Parnell was a bad man.† Dante had done this because she was a heavy Irish Catholic woman who viewed Parnell as a terrible sinner. Dante was very religious as many Irish citizens were. But the significant in the action was Dante was cutting off the green meaning she was cutting off Parnell of Ireland. By saying Parnell is a â€Å"bad man† to Stephen she is immediately affecting his own opinion by telling a young boy that the leader is bad. She has influenced his opinion before he could even understand the situation. This also was the same for the reader because at this point in the novel the Parnell dilemma had not been mentioned making the reader as influenced as Stephen. After seeing Dante’s response Stephen is forced to see the argument between his families on their political positions. Joyce placed this family feud at a Christmas dinner because red and green represent Christmas and Joyce uses them to represent England V. Ireland. The entirely intentional setting is where again a fight is represented. The author uses Dante against Parnell and practically the rest of the family for Parnell. And once again Stephen isn’t taking part playing a neutral member giving the reader a un-biest look at the scene. Dante is then described, â€Å"she was red in the face.† This quotation was used to show her anger and to show her physically turning to the red or English side. Also Dante at the end of the dinner gets up and storms out which was used to show how religious views were physically separating themselves from the political views. This also set a very confused view for th e readers tarring them between the two family sides. James Joyce purposely uses all his color combinations as representations of the different views between the characters and ties them to more of a worldly view. He completely uses all the political, and religious and cultural examples to teach reader and to show the beginning of Stephen’s confusions and struggles. Joyce is able to do so by using red and green to represent of fight of beliefs. Joyce purposely uses a dinner scene to make is relative to the reader enhancing the visual aspects. James Joyce is able to beautifully teach his readers about political and religious views in the Parnell conflict.

Marketing Success Through Differentiation free essay sample

Marketing success through differentiationof anything Any product oi service can he differentiated, even the commodity that seems to differ from competitors offerings only in price Theodore Levitt On television we see product differentiation all the time, whether the subject of the commercial is a distinguishable good like an automobile or an indistinguishable good like laundry detergent. These are packaged products. How does the marketer differentiate a so-called commodity like isopropyl alcohol, strip steel, commercial bank services, or even legal counsel?The author describes the attributes of products that give the marketer opportunity to win the customer from the competition and, having won him, to keep him. Finally, the author describes the alert, imaginative state of mind that characterizes good management of product differentiation. The way in which the manager operates becomes an extension of product differentiation, he says. Mr. Levitt is the Edward W. Carter Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business . We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Success Through Differentiation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page School and head of the marketing area of instruction there. His articles inHBR, which number nearly two dozen, include the well-known Marketing Myopia (published in i960 and reprinted as an HBR Classic in September-October 1975) and Marketing When Things Change (November-December 1977). His most recent book is Marketing foi Business Growth (McGraw-Hill, 1974)- There is no such thing as a commodity. All goods and services are diflferentiable. Though the usual presumption is that this is more true of consumer goods than of industrial goods and services, the opposite is the actual case. In the marketplace, differentiation is everywhere.Everybody-producer, fabricator, seller, broker, agent, merchant—tries constantly to distinguish his offering from all others. This is true even of those who produce and deal in primary metals, grains, chemicals, plastics, and money. Fabricators of consumer and industrial goods seek competitive distinction via product features—some visually or measurably identifiable, some cosmetically implied, and some rhetorically claimed by reference to real or suggested hidden attributes that promise results or values different from those of competitors products.So too with consumer and industrial services— what I call, to be accurate, intangibles. On the commodities exchanges, for example, dealers in metals, grains, and pork bellies trade in totally undifferentiated generic products. But what they sell is the claimed distinction of their execution—the efficiency of their transactions in thir clients behalf, their resp onsiveness to inquiries, the clarity and speed of their confirmations, and the like. In short, the offered product is differentiated, though the generic product is identical.When the generic product is undifferentiated, the offered product makes the difference in getting customers and the delivered product in keeping them. When the knowledgeable senior partner of a wellknown Chicago brokerage firm appeared at a New York City bank in a tight-fitting, lime green polyester suit and Gucci shoes to solicit business in financial instrument futures, the outcome was predictably 84 Harvard Business Review January-February 1980 poor. The unintended offering implied by his sartorial appearance contradicted the intended offering of his carefully prepared presentation.No wonder that Thomas Watson the elder insisted so uncompromisingly that his salesmen be attired in their famous IBM uniforms. While clothes may not make the man, they may help make the sale. The usual presumption about so-called undifferentiated commodities is that they are exceedingly price sensitive. A fractionally lower price gets the business. That is seldom true except in the imagined world of economics textbooks. In the actual world of markets, nothing is exempt from other considerations, even when price competition rages.During periods of sustained surplus, excess capacity, and unrelieved price war, when the attention of all seems riveted on nothing save price, it is precisely because price is visible and measurable, and potentially devastating in its effects, that price deflects attention from the possibilities of extricating the product from ravaging price competition. These possibilities, even in the short run, are not confined simply to nonprice competition, such as harder personal selling, intensified advertising, or whats loosely called more or better services. To see fully what these possibilities are, it is useful first to examine what exactly a product is. Whats a product? Products are almost always combinations of the tangible and the intangible. An automobile is not simply a machine for movement visibly or measurably differentiated by design, size, color, options, horsepower, or miles per gallon. It is also a complex symbol denoting status, taste, rank, achievement, aspiration, and (these days) being smart—that is, buying fuel economy rather than display.