Psychology, Nature Vs. Nurture - 971 Words

Nightly on the news, you see stories about multiple instances of violence: killings, shootings, murders and such. In the school settings, kids get bullied on the playground or even in the classroom. All of these are forms of aggression, but does anyone stop and think why we are that way? The answer is found in the classic debate in Psychology, Nature vs. Nurture. Aggression is caused by learned behavior, not through genetics. There are two sides of this debate, Nature and Nurture. Nature refers to something that you’re born with and are not able to change. People that follow this are called Nativists. They believe that the traits that you have are passed down through genetics. Nurture means that your personality traits are based on your environment. For example, the conditions under which you were raised. Another factor can be your interactions with people and experiences that happened in childhood. The people that support this idea are called Empiricists (Butler). I side with the Empiricists, that you are able to become a certain way because of your environment. The idea of aggression within Nature vs. Nurture was first tested in an experiment, The Bobo Doll Experiment. There have been multiple studies that test the concept of Nature vs. Nurture. In the Bobo Doll Experiment done in 1961 by Albert Bandura, he wanted to study if aggression is able to be acquired through observation. After the study, he found out that his hypothesis was right, that aggression can be learnedShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Nature Vs Nurture869 Words   |  4 Pages Let’s Talk About Psychology For many years, psychologists have been interested in studying human behavior and how our brains function. Psychological research has been mainly geared towards discovering parts of the brain, and the environment that influences our behavior as individuals. In other words, research aims to provide reasons why people behave the way they do, and what makes individuals different from each other. Much to the joy of experts in the field, major strides have been made in notRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Psychology And Biology1449 Words   |  6 Pages Nature vs. Nurture is one of the most prevalent theories in psychology and biology; scientists previously believed that personality traits were derived from either genetics or environmental elements, but more recently have concluded that both factors play a role in the expression of genes. However, the influences of genetics and environmental factors on sexual orientation is still a controversial topic which is currently being discussed in bo th psychological and biological debates. While many researchersRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : A Debate Within Psychology1344 Words   |  6 Pages1 Kaeezs Mark Lee F. Tonda PSY 100 Nature Vs. Nurture There s a debate within psychology about whether certain aspects of behavior are genetic or learned characteristics. Certain physical characteristics are genetic, like color of eyes, hair type, and skin color. Other things like driving, talking, or tying your shoes are learned. People wonder if personality and mental abilities are genetic or learned. There are good arguments for both the nurture, and nature side of these three issues: intelligenceRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture And How Studying Psychology Can Improve Critical Thinking818 Words   |  4 Pagesmission of history. The study of psychologies past endeavors to help future generations of psychology-minded individuals how the past discoveries that were implemented, and altered within the field. As with any history, knowing the successes, and possible mistakes in the within the field development can only assist future experiences. In examining the history of the psychology, upcoming psychology students are able to talk over the age-old debate of nature versus nurture. The beliefs of Darwinism stillRead MorePsychology And Science Of A Heterosexual And Homosexual Man Through The Course Of Nature Vs. Nurture1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand science background comparing the neurological anatomy and science of a heterosexual and homosexual man through the studies; Simon LeVay, Roselli, Hamers, Sanders, Hansen. The perception of whether homosexuality conforms to the course of nature vs. nurture can influence the amount of scrutiny judged upon affected individuals. So, the purpose of this extended essay is to answer the research question of to what extent is there a biological basis with neurological structurally, genetically, hormonallyRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture1052 Words   |  5 PagesNature vs. Nurture M. B. Liberty University Psychology 101 Nature vs. Nurture There has been extensive debate between scholars in the field of psychology surrounding the Nature vs. Nurture issue. Both nature and nurture determine who we are and neither is solely independent of the other. â€Å"As the area of a rectangle is determined by its length and its width, so do biology and experience together create us.†(Myers, 2008, p. 8) Carl Gustav Jung, and leading thinker and creator of analyticalRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1194 Words   |  5 PagesNatsuaki, M. N., . . . Leve, L. D. (2014). Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behavior problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1543-1552. This source goes against the belief that nature and nurture even paly that much of a significant role in the way children grow up to portray themselves. Elam and Shaw say that it’s all about personal choices. They feel that through their recent discoveries that thisRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 PagesOne of these oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experienceRead MoreRetrospective Analysis of Personality1043 Words   |  5 PagesRetrospective Analysis of Persona lity Intro to Psychology August 31, 2014 I found doing this paper quite exciting to a certain point, until I really took a moment to glance back into my life and see the changes that have taken place. Through the years I have wondered what made me change my personality towards the way I look at things but now I see why. I drastically made those changes due to the different people and environments I have been. My personality started out as helping anyone I couldRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: a Biblical Perspective1531 Words   |  7 PagesRUNNING TITLE: Nature vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective Ouida Lynne Heath Psychology 101, Module 5 Professor Roberts December 17, 2009 Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective The Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists have

Minoan and Mycenean Cultures Free Essays

In comparing the cultures of the Minoans and the Myceneans, it is best to identify first where they live. The Minoans are inhabitants of the islands off the Aegean Sea such as Crete and Santorini. Perhaps the greatest treasure they have ever made was the palace of Knossos which they covered with frescoes which are wet but surprisingly detailed. We will write a custom essay sample on Minoan and Mycenean Cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now The frescoes depict the way of life of the Minoans which was mainly dependent and influenced by the sea. The paintings consists mainly of sea creatures such as dolphins, sea birds, fishermen with sizeable catches and women wearing beautiful dresses and pearl necklaces which were probably harvested from the sea. The Myceneans on the other hand lived Tiryns, a mountain-guarded city. They prefer war to arts since they are a nation of warriors. They built high hallways to defend their city from possible attacks of other people. Their way of life is shown in the different drawings, embroideries and decorations on vases, gold cups, daggers and other weapons. The Myceneans were a powerful people who liked to fight but traded with other people for materials that are not indigenous to their locality. They traded with the Egyptians for gold and like the latter; they created death masks of their dead rulers. The Minoans and the Myceneans, while differing in a lot of aspects, were alike in the sense that their cities are heavily defended. One is surrounded by the seas while the other by mountains. This fondness for fortifications must have been brought about by experiences and incidents of attacks coming from barbarians and pirates who might want to take the treasures and gold of these people. Both cultures, too, have high regard for their kings and rulers. How to cite Minoan and Mycenean Cultures, Papers

Color Contradiction Meets Culture Clash free essay sample

In the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man written by James Joyce, Joyce uses contrasting colors to teach the reader of both the political and religious battles of that time period which form Stephen’s struggles. Joyce influences Stephen by using the colors red and green as representatives of England and Ireland. Joyce is able to teach Stephen of such things by camouflaging the lessons in Stephen’s life. The first juxtaposition of green and red was when Stephen was thinking to himself â€Å"O, the wild rose blossoms on the little green place.†(3) The significant of this thought was the rose blossoms represented England and â€Å"the green place† was Ireland. Joyce also describes England as a â€Å"wild rose† because compared to Ireland’s religious views England had a very modern and considerably sinful lifestyle. The purpose of putting a â€Å"wild rose† in traditional Ireland is because the time period was a civil war of opinions based off of political and religious views. We will write a custom essay sample on Color Contradiction Meets Culture Clash or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This situation was caused after Parnell Ireland’s political leader had an affair with his wife forcing the religious Ireland to disown him while the political England views were still very accepting of him. The concept of the riddle as a whole was England is beginning to join with Ireland, and more specifically they are beginning to combine similar views. The next comparison of colors was the scene on the playground where the students are split up into the red and green teams. The idea that was being portrayed was of a war. Making it possible for both Stephen and the reader to visualize the fighting of both sides. Also Joyce explains that Stephen is only pretending to play giving the idea that he is a neutral being and won’t actually fight for one side. The neutral representation of Stephen is portrayed in such away to show how he has yet developed an opinion on the situation, giving the reader an undeveloped opinion as well. Dante his aunt then is used to show her strong political views. The author had mentioned before that she had two make up pallets one red and one green, both labeled after political figures, except in this instance her views have changed. â€Å"Dante had ripped the green velvet back off the brush that was for Parnell one day with her scissors and had told him that Parnell was a bad man.† Dante had done this because she was a heavy Irish Catholic woman who viewed Parnell as a terrible sinner. Dante was very religious as many Irish citizens were. But the significant in the action was Dante was cutting off the green meaning she was cutting off Parnell of Ireland. By saying Parnell is a â€Å"bad man† to Stephen she is immediately affecting his own opinion by telling a young boy that the leader is bad. She has influenced his opinion before he could even understand the situation. This also was the same for the reader because at this point in the novel the Parnell dilemma had not been mentioned making the reader as influenced as Stephen. After seeing Dante’s response Stephen is forced to see the argument between his families on their political positions. Joyce placed this family feud at a Christmas dinner because red and green represent Christmas and Joyce uses them to represent England V. Ireland. The entirely intentional setting is where again a fight is represented. The author uses Dante against Parnell and practically the rest of the family for Parnell. And once again Stephen isn’t taking part playing a neutral member giving the reader a un-biest look at the scene. Dante is then described, â€Å"she was red in the face.† This quotation was used to show her anger and to show her physically turning to the red or English side. Also Dante at the end of the dinner gets up and storms out which was used to show how religious views were physically separating themselves from the political views. This also set a very confused view for th e readers tarring them between the two family sides. James Joyce purposely uses all his color combinations as representations of the different views between the characters and ties them to more of a worldly view. He completely uses all the political, and religious and cultural examples to teach reader and to show the beginning of Stephen’s confusions and struggles. Joyce is able to do so by using red and green to represent of fight of beliefs. Joyce purposely uses a dinner scene to make is relative to the reader enhancing the visual aspects. James Joyce is able to beautifully teach his readers about political and religious views in the Parnell conflict.

Marketing Success Through Differentiation free essay sample

Marketing success through differentiationof anything Any product oi service can he differentiated, even the commodity that seems to differ from competitors offerings only in price Theodore Levitt On television we see product differentiation all the time, whether the subject of the commercial is a distinguishable good like an automobile or an indistinguishable good like laundry detergent. These are packaged products. How does the marketer differentiate a so-called commodity like isopropyl alcohol, strip steel, commercial bank services, or even legal counsel?The author describes the attributes of products that give the marketer opportunity to win the customer from the competition and, having won him, to keep him. Finally, the author describes the alert, imaginative state of mind that characterizes good management of product differentiation. The way in which the manager operates becomes an extension of product differentiation, he says. Mr. Levitt is the Edward W. Carter Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business . We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Success Through Differentiation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page School and head of the marketing area of instruction there. His articles inHBR, which number nearly two dozen, include the well-known Marketing Myopia (published in i960 and reprinted as an HBR Classic in September-October 1975) and Marketing When Things Change (November-December 1977). His most recent book is Marketing foi Business Growth (McGraw-Hill, 1974)- There is no such thing as a commodity. All goods and services are diflferentiable. Though the usual presumption is that this is more true of consumer goods than of industrial goods and services, the opposite is the actual case. In the marketplace, differentiation is everywhere.Everybody-producer, fabricator, seller, broker, agent, merchant—tries constantly to distinguish his offering from all others. This is true even of those who produce and deal in primary metals, grains, chemicals, plastics, and money. Fabricators of consumer and industrial goods seek competitive distinction via product features—some visually or measurably identifiable, some cosmetically implied, and some rhetorically claimed by reference to real or suggested hidden attributes that promise results or values different from those of competitors products.So too with consumer and industrial services— what I call, to be accurate, intangibles. On the commodities exchanges, for example, dealers in metals, grains, and pork bellies trade in totally undifferentiated generic products. But what they sell is the claimed distinction of their execution—the efficiency of their transactions in thir clients behalf, their resp onsiveness to inquiries, the clarity and speed of their confirmations, and the like. In short, the offered product is differentiated, though the generic product is identical.When the generic product is undifferentiated, the offered product makes the difference in getting customers and the delivered product in keeping them. When the knowledgeable senior partner of a wellknown Chicago brokerage firm appeared at a New York City bank in a tight-fitting, lime green polyester suit and Gucci shoes to solicit business in financial instrument futures, the outcome was predictably 84 Harvard Business Review January-February 1980 poor. The unintended offering implied by his sartorial appearance contradicted the intended offering of his carefully prepared presentation.No wonder that Thomas Watson the elder insisted so uncompromisingly that his salesmen be attired in their famous IBM uniforms. While clothes may not make the man, they may help make the sale. The usual presumption about so-called undifferentiated commodities is that they are exceedingly price sensitive. A fractionally lower price gets the business. That is seldom true except in the imagined world of economics textbooks. In the actual world of markets, nothing is exempt from other considerations, even when price competition rages.During periods of sustained surplus, excess capacity, and unrelieved price war, when the attention of all seems riveted on nothing save price, it is precisely because price is visible and measurable, and potentially devastating in its effects, that price deflects attention from the possibilities of extricating the product from ravaging price competition. These possibilities, even in the short run, are not confined simply to nonprice competition, such as harder personal selling, intensified advertising, or whats loosely called more or better services. To see fully what these possibilities are, it is useful first to examine what exactly a product is. Whats a product? Products are almost always combinations of the tangible and the intangible. An automobile is not simply a machine for movement visibly or measurably differentiated by design, size, color, options, horsepower, or miles per gallon. It is also a complex symbol denoting status, taste, rank, achievement, aspiration, and (these days) being smart—that is, buying fuel economy rather than display.

Yellowcake Essay Example

Yellowcake Essay Example Yellowcake Essay Yellowcake Essay Book Review Yellowcake I really enjoyed this book miellowcake by Ann Cummins. The beginning was hard to get involved with but past the first few chapters I found myself wanting to know what happens next. She really described the characters well. My favorite was Sam because he reminded me of my own dad. He was a free spirited man with his own agenda. This book takes place here in the four corner region and I was born and raised here. Which had the effect of feeling involved with the characters and their families. Ann Cummins had Navajo culture introduced through the Atcitty family. Reading the book, Cummins had great descriptions of the surroundings. I spent a lot of time this past summer at Morgan lake, and I was excited to read the part when Becky and her friend where there too. I again felt as if I was there with them in the story. I felt the purpose of her story was to tell the daily struggle of life these two families had to ncounter. For example, Ryland had a struggle with his sickness and how I affected him and his family. The constant worry if he was able to be a part of his owns daughters wedding or not. Beckys struggle with the passing of her dad, Woody. She knew it was coming for a long time, but she couldnt imagine a life without him. I believe she did a wonderful Job in the details of her story, but upset with the ending. It kind of left me hanging in what was going to happen next.

The Execution of Stoddart and Conolly in Bukhara

The Execution of Stoddart and Conolly in Bukhara Two gaunt, ragged men kneeled beside the graves they had just dug in the square before Bukharas Ark Fortress. Their hands were bound behind their backs, and their hair and beards crawled with lice. In front of a small crowd, the Emir of Bukhara, Nasrullah Khan, gave the signal. A sword flashed in the sun, severing the head of Colonel Charles Stoddart of the British East India Company (BEI). The sword fell a second time, decapitating Stoddarts would-be rescuer, Captain Arthur Conolly of the BEIs Sixth Bengal Light Cavalry. With these two strokes, Nasrullah Khan ended Stoddart and Conollys roles in The Great Game, a term that Conolly himself coined to describe the competition between Britain and Russia for influence in Central Asia. But the Emir could not have known that his actions in 1842 would help shape the fate of his entire region well into the twentieth century. Charles Stoddart and the Emir Colonel Charles Stoddart arrived in Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan) on December 17, 1838, sent to try to arrange an alliance between Nasrullah Khan and the British East India Company against the Russian Empire, which was expanding its influence south. Russia had its eye on the khanates of Khiva, Bukhara, and Khokand, all important cities along the ancient Silk Road. From there, Russia could threaten Britains hold on its crown jewel - British India. Unfortunately for the BEI and especially for Colonel Stoddart, he offended Nasrullah Khan constantly from the moment he arrived. In Bukhara, it was customary for visiting dignitaries to dismount, lead their horses into the square or leave them with servants outside, and bow before the Emir. Stoddart instead followed British military protocol, which called for him to remain seated on his horse and salute the Emir from the saddle. Nasrullah Khan reportedly stared pointedly at Stoddart for some time after this salute  and then stalked off without a word. The Bug Pit Ever the supremely self-confident representative of imperial Britain, Colonel Stoddart continued to commit gaffe after gaffe during his audiences with the Emir. Finally, Nasrullah Khan could bear the affronts to his dignity no more and had Stoddart thrown into the Bug Pit - a vermin-infested dungeon under the Ark Fortress. Months and months went by, and despite the desperate notes that Stoddarts accomplices smuggled out of the pit for him, notes that made their way to Stoddarts colleagues in India as well as his family in England, no sign of a rescue appeared. Finally, one day the citys official executioner climbed down into the pit with orders to behead Stoddart on the spot unless he converted to Islam. In desperation, Stoddart agreed. Pleasantly surprised by this concession, the Emir had Stoddart brought out of the pit and placed into a much more comfortable house arrest in the chief of polices home. During this period, Stoddart met with the Emir on several occasions, and Nasrullah Khan began to consider allying himself with the British against the Russians. Arthur Conolly to the Rescue Busy propping up an unpopular puppet ruler in Afghanistan, the British East India Company had neither the troops nor the will to launch a military force into Bukhara and rescue Colonel Stoddart. The Home Government in London also had no attention to spare a lone imprisoned emissary, since it was embroiled in the First Opium War against Qing China. The rescue mission, which arrived in November of 1841, ended up being just one man - Captain Arthur Conolly of the cavalry. Conolly was an evangelical Protestant from Dublin, whose stated goals were to unite Central Asia under British rule, Christianize the region, and abolish the slave trade. A year earlier, he had set out for Khiva on a mission to convince the Khan to stop trading slaves; trade in Russian captives gave St. Petersburg a potential excuse for conquering the khanate, which would disadvantage the British. The Khan received Conolly politely but was not interested in his message. Conolly moved on to Khokand, with the same result. While there, he received a letter from Stoddart, who was just under house arrest at that particular time, stating that the Emir of Bukhara was interested in Conollys message. Neither Briton knew that Nasrullah Khan was really using Stoddart to lay a trap for Conolly. Despite a warning from the Khan of Khokand about his treacherous neighbor, Conolly set out to try to free Stoddart. Incarceration The Emir of Bukhara initially treated Conolly well, although the BEI captain was shocked at the emaciated and haggard appearance of his fellow countryman, Colonel Stoddart. When Nasrullah Khan realized, however, that Conolly did not bring a reply from Queen Victoria to his own earlier letter, he grew enraged. The Britons situation grew even more dire after January 5, 1842, when Afghan militants massacred the BEIs Kabul garrison during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Just one British doctor escaped death or capture, returning to India to tell the story. Nasrullah immediately lost all interest in aligning Bukhara with the British. He tossed Stoddart and Conolly into prison - a regular cell this time, though, rather than the pit. Execution of Stoddart and Conolly On June 17, 1842, Nasrullah Khan ordered Stoddart and Conolly brought to the square in front of the Ark Fortress. The crowd stood quietly while the two men dug their own graves. Then their hands were tied behind them, and the executioner forced them to kneel. Colonel Stoddart called out that the Emir was a tyrant. The executioner sliced off his head. The executioner offered Conolly the chance to convert to Islam in order to save his own life, but the evangelical Conolly refused. He too was beheaded. Stoddart was 36 years old; Conolly was 34. Aftermath When word of Stoddart and Conollys fate reached the British press, it rushed to lionize the men. The papers praised Stoddart for his sense of honor and duty, as well as his fiery temper (hardly a recommendation for diplomatic work), and emphasized Conollys deeply-held Christian faith. Outraged that the ruler of an obscure Central Asian city-state would dare execute these sons of the British Empire, the public called for a punitive mission against Bukhara, but the military and political authorities had no interest in such a move. The two officers deaths went unavenged. In the longer term, the British lack of interest in pushing their line of control into what is now Uzbekistan had a profound effect on the history of Central Asia. Over the next forty years, Russia subdued the entire area that is now Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Central Asia would remain under Russian control until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Sources Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Lee, Jonathan. The Ancient Supremacy: Bukhara, Afghanistan, and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901, Leiden: BRILL, 1996. Van Gorder, Christian. Muslim-Christian Relations in Central Asia, New York: Taylor Francis US, 2008. Wolff, Joseph. Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara: In the Years 1843-1845, Volume I, London: J.W. Parker, 1845.

Public Policies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Policies - Term Paper Example These people feel threatened by the public interest groups that jockey for room and influence. However, there are others who believe that these groups prove that America is a vibrant democracy. This latter opinion makes much more sense and will be explored in the course of this essay. America has a truly brilliant political system. Each person has one vote. But by organizing together, groups of people can have a larger impact on the system. For example, people who enjoy owning guns for recreational purposes such as hunting can join together to be members of the NRA. There are millions of people who have done so. This is an issue that is important to them. When a politician suggests that the law should be changed to make possessing guns more dangerous, these millions of NRA members have an effective way of championing their position. Likewise, those who want more gun control are free to organize to present the opposite point of view. The debate will presumably happen in public. The representatives can choose a position and can allow the voters to ratify his or her decision at the next election. That is how democracy works. There is nothing broken about lobbying. As Anderson explains in his book, there are a number of different types of interest groups. Some are professional, some are ad hoc. Some are interested in a single issue, others have multiple interests. Some think tanks provide constant pressure on political issues (Anderson, 64). Others groups are collections of professional activists (Anderson, 72). In all of these forms, these groups contribute to our democracy. One of the transformative decisions of the Supreme Court in recent years regarding interest groups is the Citizens United decision which overturned the campaign financing laws. In the past groups could not spend very much money promoting a candidate during an election period. The Court felt that this was an assault on freedom of expression and overturned the law. In

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements Essay

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements - Essay Example Plans that best interest them. Identify their areas if interest- what are their hobbies, talents, dreams, aspirations, as well as ideas of how best to help them. Establish effective communication by incorporating modern technology. The communication channel should not only he seen as formal and vertical but also open and horizontal. Be honest, interactive as much as possible and open to new ideas. Invite feedback, suggestions as well as input into programs. . Use of modern technology not only helps in bridging the age gap but also creates an intimate bond. Incorporate their ideas in implementing changes. Lastly establish a friendly environment based on trust and mutual respect. Involve the adolescent by identifying the progress also the failures if any. Use of incentives. Build in incentives that require self-motivation, skill, and leadership. However since not all adolescents have the same capacity the reward scheme should be tailored according to the different abilities. Discuss in an honest manner, offer advice when needed and offer opportunity and space for growth. Adolescents when encouraged and given a good channel of interaction show much progress and development both mentally and

Bus reservation Essay Example for Free

Bus reservation Essay The purpose of this report is to explain detailed description of Bus Reservation System. It will explain the aim of the project, the limitations of the system, interfaces of the system, what the project will do, what kind of future works may be done. 1. 2 Maintenance An accredited bus operator may demonstrate compliance with this requirement by: †¢ accessing manufacturer’s specifications and/or any other reference material deemed appropriate for the age, make and model of the buses in the accredited bus operator’s fleet †¢ developing and implementing service schedules 1. 3 Objectives This project is based on a scenario. In this scenario, customer wants to know bus services with their time and date when he decided to travel. He can do this by a phone call or going to agency. In both situations, he will meet the employee who work at the agency and get information about services, its departure time, departure date, destination time, suitable seats etc. If he decides to reserve a ticket, then employee will take some personnel information from customer and will reserve a seat that customer selected. Travelling is a large growing business in Turkey and other countries also. It becomes very difficult to keep bus services records and customer information. Our project will be useful in the Bus Reservation System. This project’s aim is to satisfy a facility to reserve seats, cancellation of seats and different types of enquiry like seat status, service enquiry and service time. 1. 4 Limitations This project has some limitations. Firstly, services are only between Laoag-Manila and Manila-Laoag. Secondly, each day there are three services for each direction at 9. 00 am, 1. 00 pm and 8. 00 pm. Thirdly, ticket can be reserved by an employee who works at the agency. Namely; customer cannot reserve a ticket. Finally, man and woman cannot seat side by side if they do not know each other. 1. 5 Problem Customers have to go to the counter to buy bus ticket or ask for bus schedule. Customers need to pay cash when they buy bus tickets and sometimes needs to queue up for hours to get bus tickets. Besides that, customers are also not allowed to buy bus tickets through telephone because the bus companys telephone line is always busy. II. Flowchart III. Screenshots This shows the title of our system which is the Reservation System. As we can see we put the name of the programmer. Then press any key to continue the program. This data shows to fix the first few errors or warnings, since they may be causing all the rest. A compiler warning indicates youve done something bad, but not something that will prevent the code from being compiled. You should fix whatever causes warnings since they often lead to other problems that will not be so easy to find. Compiler messages usually list the file and line number where a problem occurs. Nonetheless, errors often occur on the lines prior to what the error message lists. Especially check the line immediately preceding where the error message indicates. Finally, note that some compilers may choose to call something an error while others may just call it a warning or not complain at all. As we can see we have no warnings and errors. After the welcome form then system opens the login form. Here user has to enter valid user id and password. There are shown as below.. This shows the main menu where you can choose your reservation. This shows the different choices of bus, we have deluxe, air-conditioned bus and ordinary bus. You can also choose the time you want.

Down Syndrome Essays -- essays research papers

Sometimes when meiosis ( the division of reproductive cells ) occurs, chromosomes may be lost, left behind, or too many may be passed on, resulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome. This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in 1866. Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited from each parent. This extra chromosome originates more often in the mother's egg than the father's sperm. Chromosomes are individual, large DNA molecules in a cell nucleus. They contain the genes along with structures that hold the DNA and aid it in expressing heredity by orchestrating cellular operations. Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, occurring in about 1 out of 800 births. However, the frequency of the disorder varies greatly according to the age of the mother. For women in their twenties the rate is 1 in 2,000 but it rises steeply to 1 in 100 by the time a woman reaches 40. Down syndrome is usually recognized soon after birth because of characteristic facial features such as a flattened nose, upward slanting of the eyes, a large tongue that often protrudes from a smal... Down Syndrome Essays -- essays research papers Sometimes when meiosis ( the division of reproductive cells ) occurs, chromosomes may be lost, left behind, or too many may be passed on, resulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome. This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in 1866. Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited from each parent. This extra chromosome originates more often in the mother's egg than the father's sperm. Chromosomes are individual, large DNA molecules in a cell nucleus. They contain the genes along with structures that hold the DNA and aid it in expressing heredity by orchestrating cellular operations. Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, occurring in about 1 out of 800 births. However, the frequency of the disorder varies greatly according to the age of the mother. For women in their twenties the rate is 1 in 2,000 but it rises steeply to 1 in 100 by the time a woman reaches 40. Down syndrome is usually recognized soon after birth because of characteristic facial features such as a flattened nose, upward slanting of the eyes, a large tongue that often protrudes from a smal...

Peer College Counselor

There are many traits that define people, and most people share the majority of those traits. However, there are few traits that are unique, special, and rare. The ability to step up when it is required and be a valuable leader is one of them, and I am fortunate enough to have this trait. If a situation ever becomes tough or confusing and people need someone to guide them, I am always happy to accept that osition.I can think quickly on my feet and am able to remain calm and clear- minded in stressful situations. I believe that this trait puts me ahead of my fellow applicants because I understand the stress of being a high school student and I understand how to cope with such stress. Another significant trait of mine is that I am extremely personable and exceptionally easy to talk to. Whenever any of my friends have problems, whether it e in school, home life, or socially, I pride myself on the fact that I am fully capable of being there for them in their time of need.For instance, my sister had recently broken up with her boyfriend of over three years, and she was hysteric. She wouldn't smile, laugh, or even leave the house for at least a week. Everyday, I would clear my schedule Just to be with her, sit with her, and talk with her. I let her express every emotion and concern she was feeling, and, most importantly, I gave her the pportunity to speak freely.After that period, she couldn't stop thanking me for being there for her and being so easy to talk to. I believe this trait will be crucial in being a peer college counselor because, no matter what my peers will need, I know that I will be there for them. From what I have mentioned, I hope to have given you an accurate and positive image of the type of person I am. I'm a hardworking, determined individual and I hope you consider that during this application process.

Royal Government of Cambodias Efforts to Achieve

In September 2000, all 189 member provinces of the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Millennium Declaration, since the universe leaders agreed to put a time-bound mark, 2015, to accomplish eight ends for battling utmost poorness, hungriness, diseases, illiteracy, environment debasement and favoritism against adult females. The eight ends are: ( 1 ) End poorness and hungriness, ( 2 ) Universal instruction, ( 3 ) Gender equality, ( 4 ) Child wellness, ( 5 ) Maternal wellness, ( 6 ) Combat HIV/AIDS, ( 7 ) Environmental sustainability, and ( 8 ) Global partnership. These ends are now best known as the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Following this United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000, Cambodia developed its ain set of MDGs called Cambodia Millennium Development Goals ( CMDGs ) , concentrating on poorness relief and human development. The Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC ) is steadfastly committed to rush up its national advancement in order to run into the planeta ry ends and marks. After January 7, 1979, Cambodia initiated a steady procedure of development that has produced important advancement over the old ages. To do the accomplishment of the MDGs a world for all Cambodians, the RGC has been strongly committed to speed up more attempts, guarantee greater leading for consequences at all degrees of society, promote trusted partnership in development, enhance external development resources mobilisation, and guarantee effectivity of the usage of development resources since The General Election 1993. All development stakeholders in Cambodia, including representatives of authorities, civil society administrations, the private sector, and the external development spouses ( EDPs ) have been encouraged to work together with the RGC that has been moving as a leader, coordinator and facilitator so far toward its ain MDGs, CMDGs. Cambodia has nine Millennium Development Goals: ( 1 ) Eradicate utmost poorness and hungriness, ( 2 ) Achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction, ( 3 ) Promote gender equality and empower adult females, ( 4 ) Reduce kid mortality, ( 5 ) Improve maternal wellness, ( 6 ) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ( 7 ) Ensure environmental sustainability, ( 8 ) Forge a planetary partnership for development, and ( 9 ) De-mining, explosive leftovers of war, and victim aid[ 1 ]. Since Cambodia has been a post-war state, attempt in cleaning land countries affected by mines and explosive leftover of war has been a long-run development docket of the RGC. In this respect, the RGC has adopted the â€Å" De-mining † as its ain Millennium Development Goal, CMDG-9 in add-on to the eight original planetary ends. As this paper focuses on MDG-2 and CMDG-2, three relevant facets need to be closely examined: major current policies and programmes lending to CMDG-2, cardinal challenges for run intoing CMDG-2 marks, model for run intoing the key challenges and making CMDG-2 marks, which will be discussed in item in the following subdivisions.Development Context in CambodiaThe wide aim of this chapter is to briefly discourse the last-four-decade development state of affairss in Cambodia happening in such an environment that this state had undergone its really distinguishable historical period of re-building and developing a society from the beginning of 1979 when the state rose once more from about four old ages of about entire devastation of societal and economic establishments and decimation of work force. Given this alone historical background of doing attempts to re-build and develop such a post-conflict society, it is of import to look at the development context in Cambodia in three distinguishable periods. The first was from 1979 when it emerged from about four old ages of genocidal government. Everything had to get down from abrasion, from below land nothing. The 2nd was from 1993 to 1997, when in mid-1997, the state was all of a sudden troubled by two unrelated crisis, viz. externally the East Asia economic crisis and internally the sudden political divisions and breaks, both happening about at the same time. The 3rd has started from 1998, with the formation of the 2nd RGC, until now, a period of peace, stableness and uninterrupted growing and advancement. Since 1998, Cambodia ‘s image has been unusually altering. It is now indispensable to uncover the state of affairss of socio-economic development procedure in Cambodia by manner of showing a wide overview of major accompl ishments and major facets of deficits and future challenges. Major accomplishments and developments since 1998 include the undermentioned. The betterment of political stableness, security, and peace by the authorities based on a steadfast foundation of the broad multi-party democracy. The respectful for human rights and self-respect has been strengthened. The authorities besides enhanced the good administration through province reform and judicial reforms and armed forces reforms. While the authorities is keeping low rising prices and a stable exchange rate, macroeconomic stableness and dual digit economic growing has been ensured. Furthermore, bettering agricultural productiveness, building a rural economic base, and turning the industrial sector are what the authorities has been strengthened in order to do national economic system become more competitory. Besides, the services sector has besides expanded quickly by promoting the private sector, so that both economic and fiscal sectors will be more developed. The irrigation, energy and teleco mmunication substructure has improved significantly. In add-on, concentrating on betterment of the instruction and wellness sectors are the mark of beef uping institutional and human resource capacity by the authorities. Last but non least, the authorities has boosted partnership with all stakeholders, peculiarly, private sector, and official development spouses. Deficits and future challenges include the undermentioned major facets. These important advancements still remain as challenges and have non to the full react to the existent demand of the people. The jurisprudence enforcement is still need to better every bit good as the bench. Furthermore, planetary economic instability and fiscal crisis has lag planetary economic every bit good as Cambodia since it increases in oil monetary value and nutrient monetary value, besides depreciation of US dollar. Furthermore, although poorness rate has significantly reduced through high economic growing, the rural poorness rate remains high. Besides, authorities besides needs to guarantee traffic safety and good preservation of the route web across the state. Further development of air power substructure, including betterment of airdromes in the whole state and flight safety, still continues to be a significance undertaking to develop the touristry. Electricity in rural countries is still limited, and its duty remains high compared to neighboring states, and is a large trouble in beef uping the fight. Additionally, a societal job which harms public assistance of the Cambodia young person is the production and trafficking of illegal drugs. Promoting wellness attention services and clean H2O in rural countries needs to be fixing in order to run into the marks set in the Millennium Development Goals. Furthermore, the major factors that handicap adult females from lending to socio-economic development are the human trafficking, and deficiency of instruction.Current Status of Achieving CMDG-2This chapter will reflect the current state of affairs of Cambodia ‘s attempts in accomplishing the Cambodia Millennium Development Goal 2 ( CMDG-2 ) by showing the advancement made so far in doing certain that all Kampuchean kids are able to finish a full class of primary schooling and the challenges in drawing off the marks set under this end. As all the nine ends of the CMDGs had been structured in such a manner that each end contains overall marks and specific marks, it is of import to larn about the inside informations of the CMDG-2. The CMDG-2 contains two overall marks, overall mark 1 is to guarantee all kids complete primary schooling by 2010 and nine-year basic schooling by 2015, and the overall mark 2 is to extinguish gender disparity in nine-year basic instruction by 2010.[ 2 ] First of wholly, the overall mark 1 is to guarantee all kids complete primary schooling by 2010 and nine-year basic schooling by 2015. The RGC have made singular stairss over the past nine old ages in bettering entree to instruction. This primary instruction advancement is attributed to a big enlargement of school substructure, the preparation and deployment of instructors, concentrating on distant countries, guaranting entry of 6 old ages old in primary school and the decrease in parental cost barriers. Besides, the lower secondary school is besides low, and it is chiefly because of two grounds, the slow advancement of flow rates in primary schools and the high degree of bead out in lower secondary schools. Furthermore, it will non be affected well until the internal efficiency in primary instruction is significantly improved. All in all, the chief current challenges are to better the primary flow rates every bit good as entree and passage rates to take down secondary school, which are related to the instruction quality issue. Consequently, there must be the focal point over the following six twelvemonth since the recent rates of lower secondary school advancement is about 53 per cent[ 3 ]. Second, the overall mark 2 is to extinguish gender disparity in nine-year basic instruction by 2010. Equality and non-discrimination are of import facets of the right to instruction. Gender inequalities in primary and lower secondary instruction have been eliminated. They have been reversed perchance as a consequence of a policy of supplying scholarship to hapless misss in classs 7 to 9 in the instance of lower secondary school. This noteworthy consequence was besides accomplished by a systematic focal point on preparation and using female instructors which make the per centum of female instructors at primary degree has reached 46 per cent of the sum in 2009 and 2010[ 4 ]. In decision, the chief challenge of the overall mark 2 is to do the equality between male childs and misss, so that the figure of pupils will be increased. There are some cardinal elements that have contributed to cover with the tremendous staying challenges in the instruction sector. First, the usage of a Sector Wide Approach has provided a mechanism for back uping development cooperation aid with the demands of the instruction sector. Second, many instruction plans was effectual in cut downing repeat and drop-out rates, increasing publicity rate and school attending in Grade, every bit good as bettering the quality of instruction and schoolroom environment. Last, the enlargement of lower secondary schools and a multi-grade instruction plan is the manner to procure full coverage in all communes and the decrease of uncomplete primary schools. It can be by and large concluded that guaranting just entree to instruction for all and beef uping the quality of instruction have been and remain high precedences that are to be realised by the Royal Government Cambodia.IV. Key challenges for run intoing cmdg-2 marks and major current schemes to turn to the cardinal challenges and make cmdg-2 marksThis chapter will discourse cardinal challenges faced by the RGC and its Development Partners in run intoing CMDG-2 marks and the RGC ‘s policy model to turn to the cardinal challenges and to make CMDG-2 marks. 4.1 Cardinal Challenges: Although important advancement, as reflected in the old subdivision, has been made, it is logically argued that the following two major facets in the instruction sector represent critical challenges for run intoing CMDG-2 marks: First, there is a demand to guarantee just entree to instruction services by constructing schools every bit near as possible to abodes, cut downing the figure of uncomplete primary schools, increasing operational budgets to schools, increasing the supply of instructors, supplying houses to instructors and edifice residence halls for pupils in deprived countries, particularly misss. Access shall besides be expanded for kids in early childhood instruction, every bit good as those with disablements and those from minority groups. Ensuring community or private battle in this procedure is a cardinal for long-run success. Second, it is critically of import to better the quality and efficiency of instruction services by increasing the proviso of school instructional stuffs, libraries and research labs, go oning to further develop the course of study, increasing acquisition hours and supplying scholarships ( hard currency and nutrient ) to hapless pupils, heightening instruction and direction capacities, bettering schools ‘ environment ( supply of clean H2O and latrines ) , spread outing vocational orientation, increasing review of disposal, finance and educational quality confidence. It is besides indispensable to better developing systems for instructors and direction staff and to associate them with calling waies and publicity with the purpose of heightening their motive. 4.2 Priority Schemes: To guarantee just entree to instruction services, the following strategic actions need to be put in topographic point. First, to spread out entree to early childhood instruction plans for 3 to under 6 twelvemonth olds aimed on those communes with low net admittance rates and high repeat rates in primary schools. Second, to guarantee entry of all 6 twelvemonth olds into primary school including marginalized groups such as kids with disablements, cultural minorities, and so on. Third, to cut down parental cost barriers of all facets such as informal payments and increase the figure of scholarships for pupils from hapless households, particularly misss to guarantee their entree to primary and secondary schools. Fourth, to supply proficient and vocational instruction, life-skill instruction and vocational orientation in general schools. Fifth, promote partnerships between the public and private sectors and development spouses to increase support for the proviso of local life accomplishme nts and vocational preparation and basic/required professional accomplishments responsive to the demands of the societal and labour market. Sixth, to guarantee the rationalisation of the Numberss of educational staff in distant countries. Seventh, to go on the proviso of new schools and community acquisition centres or extra installations to incomplete primary schools. Eighth, to heighten parent or community engagement in all phases of schooling, particularly by commune councils. To better the quality and efficiency of instruction services, the following prioritized actions need to transport out. First, to cut down repeat and drop-out rates at all classs. Second, to better the quality of instruction, larning and research at all degrees nationally. Third, to implement the new course of study policy, including the primary and lower secondary instruction which focal point on the figure of learning hours. Fourth, to better instructor ‘s preparation and increase service wage and inducements linked to teacher public presentation and criterions. Fifth, to increase public fiscal answerability and educational establishments ‘ duty sing operational budgets and determinations on plans. Sixth, to increase transparence and better public presentation monitoring and answerability of instructors, schools and higher instruction establishments. Seventh, to better the quality and efficiency of proficient and vocational instruction, life accomplishment instruction an d vocational orientation. Eighth, to better the quality and efficiency of physical instruction and athletics plans and school wellness. Last but non least, to increase the quality and efficiency of young person development plans taking to socio-economic development.V. ConclusionIt can be logically concluded that in order to successfully make the CMDG-2 marks, the RGC ‘s should guarantee that all Kampuchean kids and young person have equal chance for entree to both formal and informal basic instruction, without favoritism. Equally of import, the execution of those schemes need to be followed to make a civilization of freedom, peace, regard for human rights, democracy and justness every bit good as a civilization of avoiding force, forestalling drug usage, kid and adult females trafficking and eschewing societal favoritism. More attending shall be paid to better the quality of instruction by promoting instructors every bit good as outstanding pupils, upgrading learning methodolo gical analysiss, bettering plan, schoolroom conditions and larning stuffs, and making libraries and research labs. To guarantee just chance, the authorities should set up residence halls for pupils, particularly female pupils, increase scholarship for hapless pupils, and construct schools for all degrees in the metropolis every bit good as rural and distant countries. As good, preparation of qualified instructors in equal Numberss need to transport out in an effectual mode and teacher deployment policy shall be implemented expeditiously. The partnership between authorities and private sector and development spouse communities like external development spouses and civil society organisations need to be strengthened in order to better the quality of instruction sector by seting more accent on a participatory attack in the development of any possible schemes that will efficaciously response to labour market demands and to the state ‘s development demands. The authorities besides needs to turn informal instruction through literacy and vocational plans, and make learning centres of equity plans. In a broader socio-economic development context, it can be argued that to run into all CMDGs marks in general and CMDG-2 marks in peculiar would be constrained by the uncertainnesss in the planetary fiscal markets and the timing of economic recovery in advanced economic systems, the increased incidences of natural catastrophe caused by planetary clime alteration, and epidemic, which has serious deductions for the state ‘s attempts in raising up the well-being of all Cambodians. Therefore, to react to ongoing and emerging challenges caused by alterations in external environment and to convey about effectual results will necessitate periodic accommodations of allotments of both domestic and external development resources that are globally limited in order to guarantee that these resources are better aligned to national development precedences.

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing IT Management

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing IT Management Free Online Research Papers On week 5 of our Managerial Accounting class, we were asked to view several websites and choose an activity that is necessary to outsource for a company’s operations. Then we were asked to discuss the pros and cons of outsourcing that activity. This was a very intriguing subject that provoked a lot of thought and discussion amongst the class. Because of this great discussion, I have decided to make Outsourcing the topic of my Final Project. Outsourcing is quickly becoming a huge trend in the corporate world. â€Å"Whats new is a concentrated effort to outsource back-office support operationse.g., IT, finance accounting, human resources, and procurementto reduce costs and heighten performance, according to a report from Houston-based analyst firm EquaTerra : Outsourcing Trends in the Automotive, Manufacturing, and High-Tech Industries† (Fulcher, 2007). According to the above article, outsourcing is now being used in many industries. In order to better focus my p aper, I will pick the most debated and used outsourcing activity; Information Technology. Companies are increasingly outsourcing the management of information technology (IT) for reasons that include concern for cost and quality, lagging IT performance, supplier pressure, access to special technical and application skills, and other financial factors. The outsourcing solution is acceptable to large and small companies alike because corporate strategies are now more common and the IT environment is changing rapidly. Because of cost and quality advantages, I will prove that outsourcing is a very advantageous way to do business. Although the mix of factors raising the possibility of outsourcing varies widely from one company to another, there are a series of themes that explain most of the pressures to outsource. To get a better understanding of outsourcing, let walk through the process. When a customer calls a toll-free customer service telephone number, it is possible that the call will be routed to a foreign country such as India or Argentina. A technician in that country trained by the American company to answer questions will solve the customers problem, often within a few minutes, and the customer will typically not have any idea where the call center is located. Increasingly, American companies are taking advantage of highly educated labor outside the United States where wages can be one-tenth of what these companies would pay employees within the United States. This alone makes it financially viable to investigate outsourcing in Industry. As mentioned above, India seems to be the leader in foreign o utsourcing. â€Å"For years, Indian developers have had a reputation as the offshore programming outsourcers of choice for Western corporations because of their high-quality, low-cost coding help. Now the continued availability of skilled manpower at costs far lower than in the West, cultural factors, economic conditions, and an improving telecommunications infrastructure in India and worldwide is leading U.S. and European companies to tap the skills of Indian outsourcers in other areas. Indian companies are providing sophisticated, IT-enabled back-office services for customer interaction and data processing† (Ribeiro, 2001). It would be irresponsible of me to not mention some of the negatives that have circulated recently in outsourcing. Media coverage tends to focus on those American workers who are put out of work due to outsourcing. In many cases, jobs are transferred overseas with the result that American workers are put out of work. In other cases, jobs are simply created in the foreign country which limits job creation in the United States. The current presidential candidates on both sides talk about the need to keep jobs in America. Others also mention that by outsourcing jobs, it is putting a big strain on the American Economy. But, there are some economic analysts who maintain that relocating jobs overseas will result in more and better jobs domestically. Keeping the higher skill jobs in America can improve salaries and the economy. This concept could be considered highly debatable. So, are their concerns from the management aspect? First of all, general managers’ are concerned about cost and quality drive outsourcing. The same issues such as getting existing services for a reduced price at acceptable quality standard came up repeatedly. Secondly, failure to meet service standards can force management to find other ways of achieving reliability. It is not atypical to find a company in which cumulative IT management neglect eventually culminated in an out-of-control situation the current IT department could not recover from. Management can see outsourcing as a way to fix a broken department. If someone other than your employee can create a better consultation and knowledge about a product or process, it might be advantageous to outsource that specific process. Third, a firm under intense cost or competitive pressures, which does not see IT as its core competence, may find outsourcing a way to delegate time-consuming, messy problems so it can focus scarce management time and energy on other differentiators. â€Å"Evaluate your companys ability to provide in-house training. If your in-house tech support is unable to adapt to your growing supply chain needs and provide adequate training for new technologies, you should consider outsourcing your companys logistics data and integrating it with that of a service provider that specializes in customized supply chain solutions (Industry Week, pp 67-68). Other financial issues can make outsourcing appealing. One is the opportunity to liquidate the firm’s intangible IT asset, thus strengthening the balance sheet and avoiding a stream of sporadic capital investments in the future. Also, outsourcing can turn a largely fixed-cost business into one with variable costs. This is particularly important for firms whose activities vary widely in volume from one year to another or which face significant downsizing. Other financial benefits from outsourcing included rapid funding of new systems development and economies of scale and scope. As consolidate infrastructure through IT outsourcing, a firm can experience cost reductions in hardware and software licensing, facilities, and support headcount. Hardware and software function can be extremely expensive. Outsourcing, also, can capitalize on an outside vendor’s extensive IT problem solving knowledge. An outside vendor had the ability to get more of the technology that came o ut. They could spend money on investments that a company couldn’t afford internally. That opens up a lot more avenues to future technologies. An outside vendor would manage the IT function more efficiently. A vendor’s main competency is managing computer systems. Through their skills, leverage, and economies of scale, they could provide a level of efficiency that could not be achieved at the outsourcer. Finally, Perhaps most important, outsourcing allow internal IT folks to focus on the development of a new IT infrastructure. Underlying the outsourcing effort is a fundamental strategy to offload legacy applications and operations so a firm could focus on developing new strategic application to support the global business processes, which were being reengineered. There are many ways to manage outsourcing since every company has different culture, strategy, structure, people, and process. Also, many important issues such as structure, Information management operating processes, management processes, and human resources management should be clarified. Many outsourcing contracts are structured for very long periods in a world of fast-moving technical and business change. Eight to ten years is the normal length of a contract in an environment in which computer technology performance is shifting by 20 to 30 percent per year. What is the best and newest toy today is old news tomorrow. Consequently, a deal that made sense at the beginning may take less economic sense three years later and require adjustments to function effectively. The situation from the outsourcer’s perspective is just the reverse. The first year may require a heavy capital payment followed by the extraordinary costs for switching responsibility to them and executing the appropriate cost-reduction initiatives. All this is done in anticipation of a back-loaded profit flow. At precisely the time the outsourcer is finally moving into its earnings stream, the customer, perhaps feeling the need for new services, is chafing under monthly charges and anxious to move to new IT architectures. If the customer has not had experience in partnering activities before, the relationship can develop profound tensions. The evolution of technologies often changes the strategic relevance of IT service to a firm. From the customer’s viewpoint, assigning a commodity service to an outsider is very attractive if the price is right. Delegating a firm’s service differentiator is another matter. The customer that made the original decision on efficiency will judge it differently if using effectiveness criteria later. IT outsourcing has so many positive effects for a company even though it still contains various problem needed to be solved. In the Internet age, any company may want to focus its internal staff on moving it to the environment that will support them tomorrow and outsourcing could be one of the best solutions. Also, outsourcing is really more of an integration of two separate businesses to be successful. Both want to take the best parts of each culture and put them together. In addition, critical success factors including existence of a multi-years, corporate commitment to the IM strategy and outsourcing, and quality culture and attitude should be considered in outsourcing. â€Å"Outsourcing decisions is also called a make or buy decision. It entails a choice between producing a product in house or purchasing it from an outside supplier† (Hilton, p- 593). What it all comes down to is that if a part of your business can run smoother with the help of an outside side; and can potentially save money in the long run, and then the answer is simple and concise. Outsourcing is continues to be the wave of the future and many different industries will continue to tap into this source of business. As stated in my thesis, I hope I have proved that benefits and advantageous nature of outsourcing. Sources 1- Jim Fulcher (2007, August). Back-office IT and business process outsourcing seen as another means to cost containment. Manufacturing Business Technology, 25(8), 40. Retrieved September 4, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Complete database. (Document ID: 1319266941). 2- John Ribeiro (2001, August). The back office moves to India. InfoWorld, 23(34), 26-28. Retrieved September 4, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 78299045). 3- SO YOU THINK YOU WANT TO OUTSOURCE YOUR IT? (2008, August). Industry Week, 257(8), 67-68. Retrieved September 4, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1519268681). 4. Hilton, R. W. (2008). Managerial accounting: Creating value in a dynamic business environment (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN: 0073022857 Research Papers on Pros and Cons of Outsourcing IT ManagementPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

An Essay On Leonardo Da Vinci

What do we consider a genius, and who? When studying different definition, and with prior knowledge from speaking to psychiatrists and other mood evaluators, I now have a good sense of the term genius. A genius is someone who has incredible intellectual ability, as well as creative. One who is not only mentally progressed, but emotionally and creatively as well. Mastering a number of different and diverse skills and having all sorts of knowledge would qualify you. Leonardo Da Vinci, is thought to be one of the most intelligent people to ever have lived. Considered a Renaissance man, Da Vinci was not only an accomplished scholar but also a painter, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, anatomist, cartographer, inventor, geologist, botanist, and writer. Da Vinci mastered a number of difficult skills, and had knowledge nobody else had found, especially for his time. His advancements, inventions and art were beyond what you would call good, they were genius. Born April 15th, 1452 out of wedlock, his father Piero and Caterina da Vinci were considered peasants. He was raised by his father, some believed he was not worthy of an education due to this. However, Da Vinci was advanced at the fine arts by age 15 and began his studies in a studio with Verrocchio a Florentine painter. Verrocchio painted for "The Baptist of Christ". He let Leonardo paint with him, though eventually ending his career because he was humiliated that he had been outshone by his student. Da Vinci was accepted into the Painters Guild of Florence. The most famous of Leonardo Da Vinci's art would be the portrait of "Mona Lisa" also known as La Gioconda (wife of Frances Giocondo). You can find it in the Louvre Today. You may have also heard of "The Last Supper", a religious piece of Jesus eating his last supper. Many people still study both these paintings today, still under covering secrets. In the episode "The Da Vinci Conspiracy" on Ancient Aliens, they study both of these paintings. They point out a UFO int the background of the "Mona Lisa". The historians on the show strongly believe that Leonardo Da Vinci had extra terrestrial knowledge, and help due to what he had achieved. He was significantly advanced way before his time, in all subject matters. Da Vinci's had countless inventions, stemming from his engineering knowledge. The most advanced and memorable ones, that we still use today include the helicopter, tank, concentrated solar power, and the calculator. It is hard not to wonder, how was this possible? How did a man of the Renaissance period have this advanced knowledge! It doesn't add up with the rest of his era, or what the rest of the world knew at that point. We still use his notes and mapped out ideas for the inventions he created that we are still using hundreds of years later. Ancient Aliens suggests that Da Vinci had some other wordily knowledge that he some how acquired. Personally, I am open minded but I am not suggesting this is necessarily true, but you have to wonder. I am not opposed to the idea and theories of extra terrestrials, I'm just not set on it either. However, this raises a greg point, how did he acquire this knowledge and intelligence in the era he lived in? Leonardo Da Vinci is by far one of the most, if not the most, interesting and intriguing person to study in history. Da Vinci was known for writing in "code". He had planned to publish a encyclopedia, sharing is knowledge of science and the human anatomy, unfortunately like many other of his plans this one did not get finished. However, 4000 pages of documents have been found from his notebooks and journals of exactly that. The "code" people refer to is his style of note taking. Not only did he spell words peculiarly, but he also wrote form right to left, a mirror image. Another thing that Ancient Aliens covers is this code, it almost seems like he was afraid someone would steal his ideas. There are many other theories about the code but we'll never know the real reason why. May 2, 1519 was the day Leonardo Da Vinci passed away. He lived to be 67 years old, which was a good age to have lived at that time but not for him. He left hundreds of projects unfinished, and the mystery of his knowledge for people to find. Think if he had lived to be eighty, or ninety what other great things he would have discovered. Da Vinci is my, as well as many others, favorite philosopher, scientist, and artists. To this day no one can compare to the way he mastered numerous fields of study and made history for being a genius. It makes you wonder what else is possible in this world if a man as smart as him could of lived. Leonardo Da Vinci is the most studied, interesting and cherished of all the scholars who have lived.

Australian national identity in the 21st century Essay

Australian national identity in the 21st century - Essay Example The best possible means would have been to segregate individuals under certain units like family and city and denote them by these identifying marks. (Sherman, 114) Similarly, Australia has been under the theoretical protective umbrella of the Queen of England till now. But the national identity is hugely manifested in every walk of life. It can well be stated that the issue of diversity in Australia is highly accepted and celebrated in the modern era. The evidence is clear and assertive. This is because there are a number of creed, race, language and color operating at the same time in the same fields all at a single time and space. This would not have been possible if the government was not in a true democratic mode and this true nature of democracy yields opportunity for all and as a result we can find the huge amount of diversity within the nation and this could well be stated as the most significant aspect of national identity of 21st century Australia. From the point of view of bilingual individuals it could also be ascertained that they have complete access to their native language. For example it can be stated that that the Asian and East European influx in the southern regions of the Australia are comfortable speaking their mother tongue and practice the same at their business. It is true that there are some sections who believe that there should be only English at least in the parameters of business but that intension is yet to be fulfilled. As a result it can be easily stated that bilingual individuals have no problem with their mother tongue and they are comfortable with it. (Lamb, 188) This specific intent of openness and freedom is the driving force that has turned into becoming so successful in uniting Australia and the credibility or the acceptance of all sections of the population has become the primary nature of the country. This success is highly celebrated and it can well be stated that the unification of diversity is the key ingredient of 21 century Australia. However, it can be stated that there are certain arguments related to Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl phenomena in Australia. In melting pot all the elements are poured into a cauldron and a homogeneous stew is prepared where the individual identity of elements seizes to exist. However, in a salad bowl it is found that though all the ingredients are placed in the bowl each of the element tends to sustain its basic properties. In this respect we can state that Australia is more of a salad bowl than a melting pot because members of several communities with a number of creed, race, language and color operate together with their individual identity intact. However there are sections who believe that there should only be a single Australian culture and each individual must indulge in it and this culture is supposed to be mostly English flavored. (Kar, 227) As a president or a Congressional leader the policies that need to be initiated in order to limit the intolerance and racism in the Australia

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Ethics - Assignment Example vices to the communities where they have little access to health care by creating awareness campaigns whole sole mission will be to teach the community on regular medical check-up and the emerging issues in the health care system. 6. To give the patients the best medical attention by having good interpersonal skills where the patients will be free to state their problems without the fear of being discriminated. This will increase the opportunity of having a good patient-doctor relationship. Achieving these goals is critical for the profession in the sense that, it is important to abide by the code of ethics to ensure that there is no conflict of interest between the patient and the doctor. However, achieving these goals or statements is not an easy task as it requires adequate financing, especially when it comes to ensuring that all individuals in the society have equal access to health care. Although the government has tried to introduce legislation such as Obama care to help in allowing equal access to health care this has not been achieved. Thus, making it my obligation to ensure that all the patients are catered for when it comes to the delivery of health care. Therefore, in order to achieve this mission statement, I will collaborate with my colleagues in the profession to ensure that the interest of the patient comes first. In relation to educating the society on the emerging issues in the health care profession I will use schools as a foundation of the campaigns because what students learn in school is related to their parents. By so doing, I will create an interpersonal relationship not only with the parents, but also with the children where they will grow up trusting the health care system. This will also create trust between the clinicians and the patients and with the emerging issues in the health care profession (Harman & American Health Information Management Association, 2006). For example, today the health care system has become

The Community of Subcultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Community of Subcultures - Essay Example Another factor that takes part in creation of a youth subculture includes the gender of the person. Notable is the fact that a given clique of members of this group will relate to each other according to the unwritten but acceptable ways that this clique adopts. The clique is often formed from a geographical stand point meaning that the system of agreement adopted by one part of the populace defined by a given geographical area will necessarily differ with another from a different geographical area. I will undertake to discuss the youth subculture as it found early in the American culture. The youth subculture can itself be defined as the way of life found among the youth and its distinctiveness is drawn from their social or ethnic affiliations that revolve around style, fashion, or affiliation to a given music genre. This kind of a subculture is generational with its membership being constantly renewed as the members outgrow the culture while others join the subculture at the adolescent age (Yinger 1999p54). The youth subculture in America is believed to have had its roots in the 1920's where a new generation of young women known as the flappers emerged. This group of young women believed in liberalism and acted in ways that implied their liberty. They could smoke, drink, use group specific slang, bob their hair, put on short skirts, perceive sex casually and drove automobiles among other things that were considered liberal to do as at that time. Many historical theorists like Marcel Danesi and Steven Mintz believe in the beginnings of the youth subculture in America to be the 1950's. They believe that children were immediately offered adult duties as soon as their ages matched the adult appropriate ages set prior to the above mentioned date. The media, they believe, played the greatest role in the creation of the youth group through frequently engaging youthful individuals in advertisements. The youths therefore organized themselves around the youthful age group and adopted a characteristic way of living that was specific to them. This trend continued to the subsequent generations. The youth subculture in America has a number of subcultures within it that deviate to some degree from the mainstream youth subculture(Lieske 2003pp34-36). The youth subculture in America had a distinct identifying factor. The age bracket within which members of this group are found ranges from adolescence to early adulthood giving a considerable overlap into these margins. This group of persons deems itself to be the epitome of style and knowledge. It is often made up of vivacious individuals who occupy almost entirely all spheres of America's living where they show case their talents through engagement into various activities including academics and the career world. In terms of dressing, this group of young people is trendy preferring to dress in the fashionable attires that flock the market. They are keen to watch the fashion market to ensure that the latest trends in clothing do not escape their attention meaning that their dress codes change as frequently as the market preferences do. The denim jeans clothing for example have been popular with the American youths since the 1990's with the creation of various stylish designs for pieces of clothing. Their hair do is also often stylish and changes as frequently as

The Dutch East India Company

The Dutch East India Company Business of trading had began during the mid 15th century on April 2, 1595, when very first three ships named Mauritius, Hollandia, Amsterdam had left of together in the search of the eastern coast. By august of 1595 only three ships had successfully returned with only 87 alive out of 249 crew sailors. They had earned moderate amount of profit. Their first attempt to sail towards the east had been miraculously successful which opened several trading routes with numerous others traders wanting to trade as well, including traders from Zeeland, Holland and Portugal. The English were not happy as it was a free trading business and every other country were taking advantage of it, especially the Portuguese. Due to this the spice trade in 16th century, were overpowered by the Portuguese. Investment in a venture during those days was very risky, due to the inelastic demand and elastic supply of spices that would bring prices up and down. Therefore in order to limit the competition Johan Van Oldenbarneveldt decided to monopolize the trade by establishing a trading company named Dutch East India Company, which would be only operated by a group of Dutch merchants. The company was granted a monopoly over Asian market trades. The first Dutch trading post was established on March 20th, 1602 in Banten West Java that marked the beginning of the independent trading companies. On that day, with the monopoly to trade spices all over the Asian markets and Asian Waters from the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch East India company was also known as Vereenigde Landsche Ge-Oktroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC, or United East Indian Company. The executive directors of VOC were called Heeren Swewtien or Lord Seventeen. The company had six chambers in Amsterdam, Middleburg Enkhuizen, D elft, Hoorn and Rotterdam. VOC was granted an official monopoly for trading spices all over East Asia. Henry Hudson was an English explorer navigator, was in search for finding a shortest northeast route, but he sailed into a Half Moon to Spitsbergen in the Barents Sea in the northern coast of Russia to a stop with an extreme ice and cold. In 1608 Hudson was hired by Dutch East India Company. Dutch East India Company wanted Henry to find the shortest sailing route to Asia from the coast of Russia, in order to expand its business. Hudson had faced failure every time he left with his ship Good Hope and crew, in search for finding the shortest route, most of the time due to the severe weather conditions, had forced him return to England. Due to this Dutch East India Company had lost his hope in Hudson. In 1611 Hudson made his final journey to the east with his crew in the same ship Good Hope and never returned back as they had starved to death, as he was never heard again. Characteristics The Dutch East India Company was the first northern Europe Company that took trading routes away from the Germanic Hanseatic League, which was a group of seven German merchants who established trading through northern Europe, before VOC. This company controlled trading mostly in Italy, but when VOC came along it started off with a great success in trading all across Europe. They usually bought goods in bulk which were rarely sold at reduced cost by their competitor Germanic Henseatic League. Further on Dutch East India Company set up factories in Bandar, on Persian Gulf and bantam on Malay Archipelago, and in Zealander (new name Taiwan) to help Portuguese in their spice trade for eastern coast. By 1620, the Dutch East India Company had the biggest trading corporation in all across Europe. The Dutch East India Company was a joint venture stock company that monopolized the trade of spice in the 16th and 17th century. They established trading ports all across Asia. The 17th Century was ruled by the Dutch, were Amsterdam was their major spice trading center. Their trading would include colonial goods such as pepper and Nutmeg. The company had signed authoritarian power treaties, under the name of Republic, which gave the company authorities to wage war and to conquer territories. In 1619 VOC had conquered Jayakarta by the false use of authoritarian powers and founded Batavia there. By conquering territories it was believed that by doing this it will now help them seek to become other territories friends, which later on turned out incorrect. Populations of several other territories in Mulluccas islands in Indonesia were empowered to forcefully cultivate spices; similar enforcement were applied in Asia either by persuasion or violence. Forts were forcefully built in South Africa, India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. China and Japan had refused in letting any foreigners coming in by closing countries borders. But VOC had received permission to continue its trading activity by the nearby island named Decima near Nagasaki. Main Line of Business Dutch trades had taken over the world in their trading business; their controlled trade routes include Baltic and North Sea, establishing factories, ports and settlements all across Asia and pacific including Arabia, India, China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Japan. By doing this Dutch East India Company has been able to stock its warehouses with colonial goods with foreign spices, and goods. Out of all the territories Asia had suffered the most being forcefully cultivating spices and giving up their minerals such as spices, textiles, coffee, tea, tobacco, opium, tropical wood, iron, copper, silver, gold, porcelain, dyes, shells etc, were forcefully captivated and transported by the Dutch East India Company. In 1652 Dutch trade expands by setting refueling stations in Africa, at the Cape of Good Hope. They had also opened several other ports in India and Malay Archipelago. But their headquarters were tactfully placed at Batavia and in Malay Archipelago. In 1641 VOC had conquered Malacca from Portuguese. Meanwhile, by 1656 another few headquarters were strategically build in Chinsura, Benegal, Colombo (Sri Lanka), and followed by placing harbor at Malbar in India. Upon Japans refusal in being involved with any foreign Trade with VOC, VOC enforced exclusive authoritarian rights to trade at Nagasaki in 1639. In next few years their Expansion of ports, headquarters and refueling stations, numerously increased, with that increased their authoritarian power over all the territories into forcing them to cultivating what they wanted them to. Managed and Governed The Dutch East India Company was in power from 1602-1798; it was governed and chartered by Governor-Generals of Netherlands which were assigned by the Dutch Government. The first Governor-General ever appointed by the Dutch Government was Pieter Both in 1610. There were hundreds of Governor-General that came along in the Dutch East India Company, each of them approximately ruled between 2-10 years, and all of their aims were to expand the trade as much as possible and maintain close relations between government and its entrepreneur enterprises across the world, focusing mostly on Asia. The company had a charter granted by States of General of the United Netherlands, on March 20th, 1602. The company was entitled to follow every written in the charter. Historical Significance One of the major historical significance of VOC in the history of business is that they were the first ones to build an entire empire of trading in numerous countries. Their dedicating effort and willingness to find the sailing routes, to Asia, turned out to be a great success, which opened tremendous amount of opportunity for them to trade, and VOC strategically took complete advantage of the opportunities available out there. Impacts of Dutch East India Company in history are like two sides of coin, there are good and bad effects. Yet we can learn from both kinds of impacts. One of the major historical entrepreneurial importance of VOC was that, that they the first ever multinational corporation in the entire world, with the joint venture stock company. They were also the worlds largest commercial entity in 17th and 18th century, which employed approximately 30,000 people. Yet the Dutch East India Companys historical significance still remains remarkably iniquitous, to several territories as to upon their strict refusal to trade goods; VOC were still able to get them to cultivate and trade goods against their will with either by persuasion or violence.

Essay --

Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of the United States whom represented the women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom produced military equipment and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who were in the military. The symbol of feminism and women's economic power was often amplified through Rosie the Riveter. "Rosie the Riveter" was a popular phrase first used in 1942 in a song of the same name written by Redd Evans. Auto factories were converted to build airplanes, shipyards were expanded, and new factories were built, and all these facilities needed workers. While the men were busy fighting in war, women were dominant in assistance. Companies took the idea of hiring women seriously. Eventually, women were needed because companies were signing large, lucrative contracts with the government just as all the men were leaving for the service. The various elements or figures of Rosie was based on a group of women, m ost of whom were named Rose. Many of these women named "Rose" varied in class, ethnicity, geography, and background diversity. One specially, who's had the biggest impact of all Rosie's was Rose Will Monroe. Rose Will Monroe, the most influential "Rosie" at the time, represented women during World War II by working most of her time in a Michigan factory. Primarily, in December 1941, Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese and was the time span with full integration of the United States. As a result, the U.S military proliferated male work force to accumulate ranks. America was in desperation for factory out out and military equipment increased. Many adversities agencies, one specifically J.Walter Thompson, assisted the United States government with c... ...n everywhere. The song truly hit how America was at the time. The pain verse of the song goes,"that little frail girl can do/more than a man can do." Long before she was a sensational Hollywood star, Marilyn "Rose" Monroe served as a "Rosie" at just the age of nineteen. Marilyn Monroe worked at a Radioplane Munition factory. A famous photographer named David Conover had a job of capturing pictures of women working on the workforce. Conover came across Marilyn Monroe and was captured by her beauty. Eventually as time escalated, Marilyn Monroe began modeling as a military work woman and soon her fame began to arise. Marilyn Monroe helped expose the need for women in the workfare at the time. In light of Rosie the Riveter, Rose Will Monroe, the most influential "Rosie" at the time, represented women during World War II by working most of her time in a Michigan factory.

Impact of Culture in International Marketing Essay

Introduction The world is made of nations and people who share different values, customs, languages and geographic territories. These diversities, also known as culture, have proven to be the norm that binds or separates them. Carlson and Blodgett (1997) explain culture as different ways, sets of manners and customs that are unique to a society or a group of people. Cultural issues encompass the elements of norms, traditions, materialistic and spiritual of a group of people (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Understanding culture is possible only through human activities and how they act as individuals or members of a group (Coulter, 2010). As businesses enter international market, cultural diversity plays a major role in formulating international marketing strategies. They need to consider differences in national cultures, subcultures and how individuals in such cultures interact with each other and outsiders. This is due to the fact that culture is the main factor that contribute to today’s m ajor conflict aside of material resources and negotiable interests (Avruch, 2002). The diverse cultures tendencies always give rise to ethical issues as one cultural belief may not be the norm or acceptable behaviors for another. The failure to take cultural differences between countries into account has been the cause of many business failures (Ricks, 1993). The purpose of this paper is to showcase instances where cultural issues that were misunderstood proved to be blunders for international marketing strategies for companies involved. It also addresses how cultural risk is as important as political and commercial risk. Finally, cultural reactions during meeting introduction in south Asian countries are assessed, and Jack Daniel’s Whiskey possible marketing strategies in China are explored. Marketing Blunders Cases With the onset of globalization, the strategies used by multinational businesses to expand are changing. Today, companies must thread between thin lines in their desire to understand how their products are received around the world and the underlying impact they have on local perceptions. Through international marketing, this vision can be achieved when many of these things come together. When the opposite occurs, we have blunders. Such is the case for the following companies. Nike in China: In 2004, Nike  decided to run a commercial depicting LeBron James defeating traditionally dressed Chinese elders, women, and even a dragon. The problem is that under China’s traditional culture, elders are held with authority, high esteem and respect In addition, Dragons symbolize things like power, strength and luck (Andersen, 2012). Although China is rapidly developing, its people are still quite traditional. Their traditions are Confucianism where its teachings stress loyalty and rela tionships. The loyalty is to central authority and placing the good of the group first (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). The problem with the marketing message, as advertised, was that people were offended by the weakening of the traditional figures that the culture perceived as strong. The ultimate result was bad publicity and an unfortunate situation for Nike. This situation could have been avoided had the marketers paid attention to the culture and local customs of the target markets. This could have been accomplished by consulting marketer’s facilitators. Published government studies such as The U.S. Department of commerce, Countries Commercial Guides, the Economist Intelligence etc. are few examples. (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). These sources were equipped to advise Nike on the cultural dimension of the Chinese people. Hiring local experts could have accomplished the objective as well. The Coca-Cola Company in Mexico had a popular advertising campaign with the slogan, â€Å"Catch the wave† which was translated into Spanish and put on billboards throughout Mexico. Unfortunately, Coca-Cola quickly discovered that Mexicans also understood the translation to mean â€Å"have diarrhea†. The promotion had to be withdrawn at a price exceeding millions of dollars (Hunt & Hodkin, 2012, p. 4). This failure was probably caused by the company’s lack of having resources in place to oversee and review translations. The small investment of hiring experts with knowledge of Mexican slang could have prevented the loss (Villasana, n.d). International marketers should be aware of marketing messages that are not tested by local experts or they should invest in expert translators who have knowledge of the languages used in the target markets. Language in international marketing aids with information gathering and evaluation. It provides access to local society, not only the ability to communicate, but extends above mechanics to the interpretation of  contexts (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Nike ads in Saudi Arabia. The company made a pricey blunder in the late 1990s when it used the word flames to signify the word â€Å"Air† as the logo on their running shoes. Unfortunately the symbol for flame is similar the Arabic word for â€Å"Allah† which is god’s name in the Muslim religion. I addition, Muslims consider feet as the dirtiest part of the body. Eventually depicting their god’s image as dirty offended the possible consumers. This lack of consideration for religious beliefs caused Nike to remove thousands of pairs of shoes from the marketplace, as well as work hard to correct strained relationship with their estranged customers (Wintranslation, 2011, p.4 ). This blunder could have been avoided if Nike paid attention to the culture and local customs of their customers, especially religious beliefs. Religion defines the ideals for life, which in turn reflects the values and attitude of societies. International marketers are well served when they understand such values and attitudes because they shape the behaviors and practices of members within a culture (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Consulting expert translators and religious belief experts could have prevented this crisis and eventual delay in market penetration. Cultural risk vs. political or commercial risk The survival of global marketing depends on the need for effective risk management tools in international expansion projects (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011). Those risks include political, commercial and cultural. Political and commercial risks are closely related as governments’ decisions impacting the economy may also affect business operations. Adverse political and commercial conditions in the host country can be seen as sources of risks for firms expanding into that country (Aydin & Kacker, 1990). Changes in political and economic events can cause changes in the host country’s political structure or policies that result in losses for the firms’ investment operations (Torres, 2013). For this reason, economic development theory emphasizes the existence of strong and stable political, commercial and legal institutions as a prerequisite to investments (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011). However, today’s globalization has highlighted the importance of another r isk in international marketing. Cultural differences have been shown to add a further dimension to risks inherent to international franchising (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011). This is due to  the fact culture influences contract negotiations between parties, operational business and personnel management practices (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011). It is known that values, customs, and beliefs which make the culture vary by country or region and change as population migrate. Therefore, it is not surprising that marketing strategies geared to accommodate cultural variations are as challenging to a business success as political and commercial risks encountered in any market (Hollis, 2011). Thus, cultural risk can lead to efficiency and effectiveness losses to a business whose management lacks the ability to effectively manage the diversity encountered in each cultural environment. Communications challenges in South- Asian countries Among many communications blunders that can happen during business negotiations with South-Asian countries, informal greeting is one of them. This is due to the fact that South- Asian countries’ business culture operates under a Confucianism system of behaviors and ethics. The system stresses the obligations of people towards one another based upon their relationship. Confucianism advocates honor, respect for age and seniority among other traits (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). These traits are demonstrated in their respect for hierarchical relationships in a concept of â€Å"face† which translates to dignity, prestige, honor, etc. It is very important for someone doing business in these countries to avoid losing face or causing the loss of face. Accordingly, South Asians are formal and introduce themselves by using honorific titles followed by surnames and given names (Hunt & Hodkins, 2012, p.3). By asking to be called by my first name will more than likely cause me to lo se face, which is a violation of etiquette in this part of the world. This may be interpreted as lack of respect in these cultures and can lead to unsuccessful business deals. Jack Daniel Marketing Strategy in South Asia Jack Daniel, as a whiskey brand, prides itself in its authenticity and its ability to be known as a premium brand by its customers. This is evident in their marketing strategies which showcase ads that are unique in what is said and shown (Stengel, 2011). Those ads advocate a premium brand experience that conveys a message to their customers of a quality product  that is based on American values of authenticity, masculinity, and fraternalism, and is comparable to none in the marketplace (Syllabus for IS2013, 2013). This strategy has been used throughout their marketing campaign in English speaking countries like England, Australia and South Africa, with great success. But with the onset of globalization, where all literatures advocate marketing strategies that cater to local customs, and more in tune with country specifics culture (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013; Hunt & Hodkin, 2012; Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011), the challenge is whether Jack Daniel should adjust its strategies to fit today’s norms. That is, should they adjust their market strategy to fit local habits in emerging markets like China? As stated earlier, China’s culture operates under Confucianism. This code of conduct rather than religion advocates teachings that stress loyalty, relationship and respect for traditions (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Under this scenario, Jack Daniel should be able to evoke its premium brand image by advertizing its tradition as a brand experience that is unique in the marketplace. This will insure that they not compromise the quality of the product to meet demand (Stengel, 2011). On the other hand, Chinese society is evolving. Most of its citizens are not wealthy, therefore selling a premium brand may not fit with the norms of targeting the majority of consumers in China. The good news is that, wages are rising, and the middle classes are finding themselves with disposable income that may allow them to splurge on high end drinks if they chose to (Stengel, 2011). In addition, cultural attitudes are not a always a deterrent to foreign business practices, and trends show that many Chinese people display positive attitudes toward Western goods (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Therefore, the respect for tradition, the affinity for Western brand and the desire to belong in a different class could be the i ngredient Jack Daniel needs in continuing its current market strategy in this part of the world. They should focus their campaign to target a specific segment that is made of middle and upper class consumers who can afford their brand (Stengel, 2011). In a country that is heavily populated, this segment could be large enough to achieve the intended success as in other Western countries. This will insure the brand can remain unique, maintain its equity and still deliver the intended profitability. Conclusion Since culture affects every norms of a society, its value in any society must be carefully analyzed by international marketers. Factors such as religious affiliations of its people, the society characteristics whether collectivist or individualist, political and economic ideologies will all impact the result of any international marketing campaign if left unsearched. As can be seen from examples above, the cultural symbols from target markets are very important. Therefore marketers should know the audience in advance and chose to communicate through languages and means that are appealing to the audience. For this reason, managers engaged in international marketing should use common sense in analyzing how different elements of a brand are impacted by the culture and design different ways to speak to the target audience (Fromowitz, 2013). Failure to do so could lead to failed marketing campaigns, offended consumers and loss revenues. For this reason, cultural risk is as important as po litical and commercial risk in international marketing. International marketers should design campaigns that have the purpose of not only making profits, but of developing relationship with consumers that will insure the survival of its brand. References Alon, I. (2006). Service Franchising: A Global Perspective. Retrieved fromwww.springer.com/†¦/978-0-387-2818 Aliouche, E.H., & Schlentrich, U.A. (2011). Towards a strategic model of global franchiseexpansion. Journal of Retailing, 87 (3), 345–365 Andersen, M. (2012). International Marketing Blunders. Backpaking diplomacy. Retrievedfrom http: www.backpackingdiplomacy.com/3 Aydin, N. & Kacker, M. (1990), â€Å"International Outlook of US-Based Franchisors,†International Marketing Review, 7 (2), 43–5. Avruch, K. (2002). Cross-Cultural Conflict. The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems EOLSS), 1(3), 25- 26. Retrieved on October 9, 2013 from http://www.eolss.net Jan-Benedict, E. M. & Steenkamp. (2001). The role of national culture in international marketingresearch. International Marketing Review, 18(1), 30-44. Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/224319818?accountid=28180 Carlson, P., & Blodgett, M. (1997). International Ethics Standar ds for Business: NAFTA, CAUX principles and corporate codes of ethics. Review of